Access to safe water and adequate excreta disposal facilities

Flush toilets, water seal latrines and pit latrines have been considered to be satisfactory excreta disposal systems.

Nationally, according to the NDHS 2000, 41 of the population has access to sanitary means of excreta disposal.

Around the world, cities produce over 2 million tonnes of human excreta everyday, less than 2 per cent of which is treated.

281. The Ministry of Health is actively concerned with the provision of safe water and sanitary excreta disposal facilities to the population.

Sixty seven per cent of the urban population had adequate excreta disposal facilities compared to 60 per cent in the rural sector.

About 77 of the population in Namibia has access to safe drinking water, and 41 has access to sanitary means of excreta disposal.

40. Lack of access to safe drinking water and adequate excreta disposal facilities are responsible for 42 per cent of all deaths in Afghanistan from diarrhoeal disease.

283. The available data reveals that by the end of 1992, 61 per cent of the total population (excluding Northern and Eastern Provinces), had adequate excreta disposal facilities.

Treated waste water and excreta can be considered as a valuable resource with the potential for reuse, and in some cases for sale, with the revenues helping to recoup treatment costs.

Similarly, in the US, there is a lengthy list of specific exceptions to the prohibitions. But most natural pesticides as well as pathogen laden animal excreta, for use as fertilizer are permitted.

A clean living environment, including access to sanitary means for excreta disposal and adequate water supplies for washing, is linked not just to well being but to the dignity of families and communities.

The problem was both quantitative and qualitative in nature city slums and shanty towns faced the highest risk of excreta and garbage related epidemics, as exemplified by the recent cholera outbreaks in Peru and Guinea Bissau.

6.9.5 Diagnostic specimens are any human or animal material including, but not limited to, excreta, secreta, blood and its components, tissue and tissue fluids being transported for diagnostic or investigation purposes, but excluding live infected animals.

a lack of hygiene and sanitation. However, access to safe drinking water and sanitary facilities for excreta disposal is effective in reducing child morbidity and mortality only when combined with programmes promoting behavioural change in personal hygiene and environmental sanitation.

2.6.3.1.4 Patient specimens are human or animal materials, collected directly from humans or animals, including, but not limited to, excreta, secreta, blood and its components, tissue and tissue fluid swabs, and body parts being transported for purposes such as research, diagnosis, investigational activities, disease treatment and prevention.