3. The current space debris and meteoroid environment

First analysis showed detections of underdense and overdense ionized meteoroid trails.

Some further work has been done in the field of meteoroid and debris protection.

Space debris flux and meteoroid influx are essential for validation of space debris environmental models.

(c) Meteoroid registration of the fluxes of micro meteorites and technogenic particles along the ISS flight route

Both the meteoroid and orbital debris investigators can, and have, benefited by sharing data and modelling techniques.

It is stationed at 80 degrees east longitude and measures the submillimetre sized meteoroid and space debris population.

The reliability of the PNP calculations is strongly linked to the accuracy of the debris and meteoroid environment model.

Models have predicted that the orbital debris environment could exceed the meteoroid environment in certain regions of low Earth orbit.

The models and measurements developed are identical in many respects to the models and measurements used to understand the interplanetary meteoroid environment.

Important comparisons between meteoroid populations and debris populations at altitudes of importance to operational spacecraft enable designers to apply appropriate protection strategies.

In 1997, space debris and meteoroid activities at FGAN FHP were mainly conducted within the framework of three ESA ESOC study contracts

(b) The development and implementation of efficient, highly automated techniques and algorithms for data processing, and debris and meteoroid detection and analysis

The flight now scheduled for August 1999 will be in time for the advent of the Leonids Meteoroid shower in November 1999.

For the majority of spacecraft in low Earth orbit, they provide the primary shielding protection against space debris and meteoroid particle impact.

Thirdly, a beam park mode of operation with compensation for Earth s rotation to get information on the meteoroid influx during major meteor stream activities.

PNP calculations are based on meteoroid and debris environment models and on the ballistic limit curves obtained in hydrocode simulations and hypervelocity impact experiments.

Thirdly, a beam park mode of operation with compensation of the Earth rotation to get information on the meteoroid influx during major meteor stream activities.

Tethers may become orbital debris if they are discarded after use or if they are severed by an impacting object (man made debris or meteoroid).

By properly orienting their spacecraft, astronauts may be able to use their vehicles as shields against the majority of orbital debris or direct meteoroid streams.

The collected data will be used to improve the experimental set up and to assist the development of algorithms for the estimation of the meteoroid influx.

There is growing concern about the effect that the Leonid meteoroid stream could have on operational spacecraft during the expected storm event of November 1998 99.

The collected data will be used to improve the experimental setup and to assist in the development of algorithms for the estimation of the meteoroid influx.

2. Tethers may become orbital debris if they are discarded after use or if they are severed by an impacting object (man made debris or meteoroid).

To compute the probability of an impact from space debris requires a meteoroid orbital debris (M OD) environment model, a spacecraft configuration and a mission profile.

Space Res. 95. . This will enable engineers to evaluate current models of the meteoroid and space debris populations and to validate damage predictions of different subsystem elements.

The picture that emerges from these measurements is that the debris population exceeds the natural meteoroid population for all sizes larger than about 0.01 centimetre in diameter.

The picture that emerges from these and other measurements is that the debris population exceeds the natural meteoroid population for all sizes (except between 30 and 500 μm).

8K. Shiraki, F. Terada and M. Harada, JEM Design Progress for the Micro Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Protection , 96 m 21, 20th ISTS Gifu, Japan, 19 25 May 1996.

Shiraki, F. Terada and M. Harada, quot JEM design progress for the micro meteoroid and orbital debris protection quot , 96 m 21, 20th ISTS, Gifu, Japan, May 19 25, 1996.

IFR TUBS also carried out the development of the release version of the ESA space debris model MASTER, which now includes an option for the evaluation of natural meteoroid flux.

Since 1971, regular measurements of submillimetre sized meteoroid and debris particles have been carried out on the Russian space stations Salyut 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 and Mir.

Although not specifically part of the orbital debris population, the meteoroid population constitutes a significant segment of the mass distribution of incoming particles for which protective measures must be provided.

The work on the ESA MASTER (Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference) Space Debris Model has been finalized.Final Report of ESOC Contract 10453 93 D CS, ESA ESOC(MAS), 1994.

The most obvious change as compared with the pre release version is the implementation of one of the most sophisticated meteoroid models currently available into the MASTER software environment by making use of the theory of Divine and Staubach.

Only the core, asteroidal and A sources out of the five Staubach meteoroid classes have been included in the MASTER implementation, since the contributions of the B and C population are negligible within a mass regime above 10 13 kg.

Whereas the collision risk between an orbiting object and a meteoroid is essentially independent of altitude, the probability of collision between orbital objects is strongly related to altitude, in general being an order of magnitude higher in LEO than in GEO.

Presentations were given on a diverse range of subjects covering activities at the previous IADC meeting in Houston, Texas progress in developing debris tracking equipment advances in, and results from, new debris meteoroid models and research activities relating to debris shielding.

The analyst application of the tool now contains also a state of the art meteoroid model.H. Klinkrad and H. Sdunnus, quot Concepts and applications of the MASTER Space Debris Environment Model quot , 31st Cospar Scientific Assembly, Birmingham, UK, 14 21 July 1996.

Specifically, the said capabilities include among others Solar Activity Model and Atmospheric Global Circulation Model, Meteoroid Environment Model, measurement instruments (e.g. Meteor Wind Radar, MF Radar, Wind Profiling Radar, Bounder Layer Radar, optical telescopes) and a number of scientists who have experience in developing models.

,J.A.M. McDonnell, P. R. Ratcliff and A. D. Griffiths, quot In situ detection of debris and meteoroids development strategy on MIR and space station opportunities for debris monitors and meteoroid collectors quot , paper B0.7 0009, 31st Scientific Assembly of COSPAR, Birmingham, United Kingdom, 14 21 July 1996.

(b) Micro Particles Capture and Space Environment Exposure Device (MPAC and SEED) study of the micro meteoroid situation along the ISS orbit and obtaining experimental data on the influence of space factors on the samples of materials and coatings planned for use in the prospective space projects of JAXA

An acceptable level of protection against small debris and meteoroid objects (smaller than 1mm) may be attained through the use of reinforced multilayer insulation materials and via design modifications, such as internal installation of fuel lines, cables and other sensitive components (for example, as implemented by RADARSAT of Canada).

The return of both the European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) and one of the solar arrays from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)G. Drolshagen, J.A.M. McDonnell, T. Stevenson, R. Aceti and L. Gerlach, quot Post flight measurements of meteoroid debris impact features on Eureca and the Hubble Solar Array quot , Adv.

In addition to defining the risk to satellites, protective measures are considered.H. Stokes, R. Crowther, R. Walker and F. Aish, quot Introducing PLATFORM a new software programme to simulate debris and meteoroid impacts on space platforms quot , paper B0.7 0034, 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Birmingham, United Kingdom, 14 21 July 1996.