We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

There's another thing, which is you've got to get these genes into cells.

In order to preserve the human species, it would be preferable surely to use gene therapy with caution, restricting it to somatic cells (body cells excluding germ cells), to the exclusion of germ cells (i.e. the cells used for sexual reproduction).

And they will either enter into this so called cellular suicide, programmed cell death, or they will form unhealthy daughter cells and enter into apoptosis once they have divided.

Stem Cell Obscurantism

And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD, has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells.

Whereas a skin cell or a liver cell, for instance, can reproduce only more skin or liver, stem cells, which are the most robust at the beginning of human development, are master cells. As a fertilized egg turns into an embryo, and then a fetus, those initial stem cells somehow show their daughter cells how to become skin, liver, eye, or bone.

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

Stem cells may be used to deliver growth factors to repair damaged heart muscle or be differentiated into heart muscle cells to restore heart function.

And the cell will actually manufacture the parts that it needs on the fly, from information that's brought from the nucleus by molecules that read the genes.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

And the reason is that cancer, like every cell in the body, places little molecular bookmarks, little Post it notes, that remind the cell I'm cancer I should keep growing.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

As just a second example these pyramidal cells, large cells, they can span a significant fraction of the brain.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

Embryonic cells as well as sperm and egg cells intended for medically assisted reproduction may only be conserved for a maximum of one year.

But when the bacteria grow and double and they're all participating in making these molecules, the molecule the extracellular amount of that molecule increases in proportion to cell number.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

And all I wanted to show you is we can set up molecules in membranes, in real cells, and then it sets up a kind of molecular Darwinism, a molecular survival of the fittest.

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

But the moral controversy surrounding embryonic stem cells the fact that these cells are derived from five day old human embryos has encouraged research into other types of stem cells.

Until the only things that you have left are these cells here, the output cells, the ones that send the signals to the brain, but because of all that degeneration they aren't sending any signals anymore.

Because what stem cells are they're these phenomenal cells that really have the ability to differentiate into any type of tissue.

Why? Because we'd rather take those cells which already know that those are the cell types you want.

In the lab, we micro pattern channels in the biomaterials on which we grow the cells, and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food, through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells a lot like what you might expect from a capillary bed in the heart.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death, and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.

The immune cells developed into the tolerance promoting cells.

So you may not only have car cells, you may have Aston Martin cells.

And place cells also get this kind of path integration input from a kind of cell called a grid cell.

They were, at that stage, much smaller and had an elongated shape that allowed them to slip between other cells. It came as a great surprise when we discovered that the cells giving birth to the new neurons were a type called radial glia, which were thought not to occur in adulthood and were not known to give birth to neurons.