Whereas a skin cell or a liver cell, for instance, can reproduce only more skin or liver, stem cells, which are the most robust at the beginning of human development, are master cells. As a fertilized egg turns into an embryo, and then a fetus, those initial stem cells somehow show their daughter cells how to become skin, liver, eye, or bone.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

This was done in Japan and in the U.S., published at the same time, and it rebooted skin cells into stem cells, last year.

26. Coir mattresses and fibre export

And he sequenced, he took skin cells, healthy skin, and cancerous bone marrow, and he sequenced the whole genomes of both of them in a couple of weeks, no big deal.

Your skin is even fairer.

And adult stem cells are found in you and me in our blood, in our bone marrow, in our fat, our skin and other organs.

Over time, these tiny threads form in the liquid into layers and produce a mat on the surface.

Human readable description of the skin

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

So all of those colored lines correspond to bunches of axons, the fibers that join cell bodies to synapses.

So they're spinning these tiny nano fibers of pure cellulose.

We can now reprogram your skin cells to actually act like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell and to utilize those potentially to treat multiple organs in that same patient making your own personalized stem cell lines.

We needed the subtleties of the skin.

We're also combining cellulases, the enzymes that break down complex sugars into simple sugars and fermentation in the same cell for producing ethanol.

They can go into your skin and create skin infections.

And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD, has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

And in the measure that we learn how chickens grow wings, and what the program is for those cells to differentiate, one of the things we're going to be able to do is to stop undifferentiated cells, which you know as cancer, and one of the things we're going to learn how to do is how to reprogram cells like stem cells in such a way that they express bone, stomach, skin, pancreas.

How is it that this organism can be so large, and yet be one cell wall thick, whereas we have five or six skin layers that protect us?

And, as a result, it's a very good cue to the detailed shape of the skin pore structure and all of the fine wrinkles that all of us have, the things that actually make us look like real humans.

Picture a cannibal, human teeth sinking into human skin, human flesh roasting over a fire.

A person s pancreas cells and skin cells are clearly different, yet they have the same genes with the same DNA sequences. Moreover, the cells features are inherited in their respective cell lineages, even though the stimuli that triggered the differences between them during embryonic development are long gone.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

They produce six different types of silk, which is spun together into a fiber, tougher than any fiber humans have ever made.

Do people have grid cells?

And here is the limitation adult stem cells are mature cells, and, like mature human beings, these cells are more restricted in their thought and more restricted in their behavior and are unable to give rise to the wide variety of specialized cell types, as embryonic stem cells can .

In order to preserve the human species, it would be preferable surely to use gene therapy with caution, restricting it to somatic cells (body cells excluding germ cells), to the exclusion of germ cells (i.e. the cells used for sexual reproduction).

Lemaire I (1991) Selective differences in macrophage populations and monokine production in resolving pulmonary granuloma and fibrosis. Am J Pathol, 138 487 495.

This is fascinating. You probably know, some of you, that cells are continually renewed. You can see it in skin and this kind of stuff.

But it is widely known that certain mutations can run in families, increasing dramatically the risks of certain diseases for example, breast cancer, sickle cell anemia, and cystic fibrosis. Unfortunately, many human molecular geneticists have abdicated any responsibility for trying to decrease the overall burden of such diseases.

I have a skin like bulletproof vest the only one in the world.

We take water and push it against a membrane.

International Rayon and Synthetic Fibres Committee

IRSFC International Rayon and Synthetic Fibres Committee .

Now both of these kinds of cells can make the place cells fire.

And they're sticking together, forming layers and giving us a sheet on the surface.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

And place cells also get this kind of path integration input from a kind of cell called a grid cell.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

As cell division begins the nucleus disintegrates, the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and those special proteins undergo a three dimensional sequence whereby they attach and they literally click into place end on end to form chains.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

It might have caused a clot which became organised and fibrotic.