For example, if sales declined for a specific product, companies could decide that, as long as they covered their direct costs and some profit, they would forego any inclusion of overhead (plant costs) in price.

3. calculating the price according to the summation of the following items cost of materials used to produce the goods and processing fee for the same or similar goods produced within China, normal profits and expenses, transportation, related fees and insurance fees of the goods occurred within China

There was apparently no evidence of explicit agreement, but the antimonopoly agency found that the increases and identical prices could not be justified on the basis of the parties' costs and profitability.

The ratio between prices and marginal costs (mark up ratio) is an important indicator of deviations from optimal resource allocation and consumer welfare.

There's the airplane ticket over and import duties, hidden taxes, profit markup...

Authorizes the Executive Director to redeploy resources between appropriation lines up to a maximum of 5 per cent of the appropriation to which the resources are redeployed

(1)The values thereof varies with particular interest rates, prices of financial instruments, prices of commodities, foreign exchange rates, price indexes, premium rate indexes, credit ratings, credit indexes and other similar variables if the variable is a non financial variable, there shall not exist any special relationship between such variable and any party to the contract

Change due to fluctuation in the cost of fuel and lubricants.

The evidence relating to the relationship between concentration, on the one hand, and productivity, prices or profits, on the other, is mixed (regarding the latter, this may be because lack of competition leads to dissipation of profits in higher costs).

In cases where the transaction value and the related fees of the import and export goods are calculated with foreign currencies, the value will be converted into RMB customs value based on the standard base foreign exchange rate published by the People's Bank of China.

4. calculating the price according to the summation of the following items cost of materials used to produce the goods and processing fee, profits and normal expenses of selling the same grade or same type of goods into the People's Republic of China, transportation, related fees and insurance fees of the goods after arriving at the destination within China but before unloading

The oil is priced off the margin.

If the transaction costs, combined with high interest rates, require that the operation in question generate profit margins of the order of 30 to 50 per cent, it is not clear that this would be economically beneficial.

38. The Committee agreed to keep the question of conversion rates under review, including the use of price adjusted rates of exchange (PAREs).

The cost includes 10 per cent for necessary oil and lubricants ( 14,400).

A spike in long term rates would lower the price of JGBs, destroying household wealth and, in turn, reducing consumer spending. The higher interest rates would also apply to corporate bonds and bank loans, weakening business investment.

As a result, contracting authorities might face higher prices and the members of the cartel will enjoy profits above the competitive prices.

Growth of private p.c. consumption at constant prices ( )

Lack of proper pricing also encourages profligate use and wastage.

Do Low Interest Rates Ensure High Asset Prices?

C. Savings resulting from improved overall cost

A comparison of prices and profitability in the regulated and protected cattle feed industry with those in the electronics industry (for which trade protection had been liberalized) in the Republic of Korea showed that the former s profitability and divergence from international prices were much higher than the latter apos s, even though the electronics industry was highly concentrated. See Sung Taik Han, op. cit.

Costs and expenses of maintaining value of the encumbered asset

Second, because most exporters also import intermediate inputs that are priced in dollars, exchange rate fluctuations have a limited impact on their costs and thus on their incentive to change dollar prices. And, third, exporters who wish to preserve their share in world markets where prices are largely denominated in dollars choose to keep their dollar prices stable, to avoid falling victim to idiosyncratic exchange rate movements.

Article 20An embedded derivative instrument shall refer to a derivative instrument which is embedded into a non derivative instrument (namely, the principal contract) so that some or all of the cash flow of the mixed instrument changes with the change of particular interest rates, prices of the financial instrument, prices of commodities, foreign exchange rates, pricing indexes, premium rate indexes, credit ratings, credit indexes or other similar variables.

After deducting the average marketing expense of US 21.9 million and production cost of US 30.5 million, the net income stood at US 81.9 million on average, which topped the income list. Its profit rate was much higher than that of theatrical distribution.

Three dimensions can be distinguished in assessing distribution services in terms of their role in (i) ensuring the efficiency of domestic markets for goods and services (2) enhancing consumer welfare due to their role in price formation and expanding choice (3) linking the home economy with the rest of the world.

The various fee charges, trading expenses, premiums or reduced values, etc., which are paid or collected by the parties to a financial asset or financial liability contract and which form a part of the actual interest rate, shall be taken into account in the determination of the actual interest rate.

GE.97 51617 (E) page SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The benefits of competition may be assessed on the basis of data relating to the effects of collusion or concentration and, conversely, the effects of RBP controls or of deregulation upon productivity, prices, profit margins, the persistence of profits, the flexibility or adjustment speed of prices or profits, incentives for technological innovation, consumer and producer welfare, economic growth and competitiveness in international trade.

Indicators of efficiency in terms of cost and time include a survey of transport costs (e.g. per 6m container export), an international comparison of rail and port costs, a list of the different costs, average transit times, an FOB CIF cost comparison, etc.

The cost includes 10 per cent for necessary oil and lubricants ( 13,600).

In terms of contractual costs, the Organization negotiated a fixed price contract for the remaining tasks to be completed by the main contractor.

Provision is also made for freight at 15 per cent of the cost of the equipment.

286. The evolution of the consumer prices of basic products is subject to specific monitoring.

The estimates for civilian and military vehicles have been reduced from a daily cost of 4.40 to 3.81 owing to the decrease in the cost of fuel from 35 to 25 cents per litre, offset by minimal increases in the cost of lubricants.

Thus, in Chile, extensive and sudden import liberalization between 1967 and 1979 led to a decrease in the mean price cost margin from 48 to 32 per cent and an increase in the four firm concentration ratio from 49 to 61.5 per cent as many domestic producers went bankrupt, merged or switched product lines. See T. Condon and J. de Melo, Industrial organization implications of QR trade regimes Evidence and welfare costs, Working Paper No. 487, World Bank, August 1990.

Many state owned enterprises proved to be high cost and low productivity operations and a drain on the public purse, often acting as a conduit for siphoning away rents to politically favoured groups and individuals.

One must also recognize that low labor costs are an essential component of China s competitive advantage. Along with tighter margins, low cost financing, and cheaper materials, this allows Chinese firms to compete for projects with tenders for as little as half the price sought by their Western competitors.

The mission responded that the supplier of those products had emerged as the lowest bidder during prior biddings, that the price difference between this and the second lowest bidder was minimal in the past and that the supplier maintained the same profit margin above the government controlled prices.

Consumer prices

In the future, China will have to rely more heavily on interest rates to manage monetary policy, using the price of capital, not political considerations, to influence how firms make investment decisions.

The higher interest rates go, the better are investments in bonds, which compete with investments in other assets such as stocks or homes. Higher interest rates also raise the cost of borrowing to buy these assets, which may diminish demand for them, exerting downward pressure on their prices.

And when there are fewer assets to be held, their prices rise, too. With higher financial asset prices, those firms that ought to be expanding and hiring will be able to get money on more attractive terms.

Conversely, X inefficiency reflects the excess of actual over minimum possible costs of a firm at a given level of output. savings and allocative efficiency , i.e. the allocation of products through the price system in the optimum manner required to satisfy consumer demand (which will occur where the output of each product is at the level where the marginal cost of producing extra units equals their price).

(31) As regards income tax expenses, it is required to make disclosure of the composition of income tax expenses (proceeds), including current income tax and deferred income tax it is also required to make disclosure of the relations between income tax expenses (proceeds) and accounting profits.