1.1.2 Optical measurements

1.1.2 Optical measurements 25 30 5

Remote sensing of space debris from ground based measurements generally falls into two categories radar measurements and optical measurements.

1.2.2 Radar and optical measurements from space

viewer for mass spectrometry data

Typically, radar measurements have been used for space debris in low Earth orbit (LEO), while optical measurements have been used for high Earth orbit (HEO).

These have included passive gamma ray spectrometry, passive and active neutron coincidence counting and neutron multiplicity measurements.

The Basra experiment to measure the width of the red (Doppler) line of oxygen using an optical instrument (interferometer).

Then it has detectors on its back so it can sense how much starlight or moonlight is hitting its back.

Five periods of measurement with lidar instruments were carried out in 1994.

Regarding the testing of persons working at ionizing radiation sources, measured doses received on thermoluminiscent dosimetry (TLD) are within the prescribed limits.

(j) Experiments for the precise measurement of crustal movement and rotation of the Earth using the very long baseline interferometer (VLBI) and satellite laser ranging systems.

There are thermocouples on the engine little sensors that detect the heat when the sunlight strikes them.

The requirement for clear, dark skies is another limitation on optical measurements.

The second of NASA apos s new techniques for environmental observation was lidar using a laser in a manner similar to radar by bouncing it off objects (e.g. clouds, pollutants, the Earth apos s surface) and then making environmental measurements from the reflected energy.

An advantage of optical measurements over radar measurements is that the signal intensity from reflected sunlight falls off only as the square of the distance or altitude, whereas the radar signal return falls off as the fourth power of distance.

These had the aim of studying auroral pulsation and making ozone measurements.

(a) Boosting the production of equipment for the fuel and energy sector, including laser measuring systems, optoelectronic flame control systems, instruments to measure gas density, multiphase pumping plants and control systems for high performance gas pumping stations

(b) An infrared mapping spectrometer with low spatial resolution and high spectral resolution to measure the surface mineralogy.

Metering mode

Optical detection

Some measurement of small debris in LEO have been done using optical telescopes, but in general, radars outperform telescopes for measurements in LEO.

Some optical measurements of small debris in LEO have been done, but in general radars outperform telescopes for measurements in LEO.

Daylight measurements have been routinely carried out to all satellites whenever manpower allowed.

The ground firing test stand, workshop, measurement centre, optical observatory and other facilities are provided for ground based test firing of large scale solid motors.

Our colleagues in the Center for Quantum Computation and Spintronics are actually measuring with their lasers decoherence in a single electron spin.

A. Optical observation

Experiments for the precise measurement of crustal movement and rotation of the Earth using the very long baseline interferometer (VLBI) and satellite laser ranging (SLR) systems, which are also used to monitor possible precursors of the next big earthquake in the Tokyo metropolitan area

It measures the absorption of light in a sample The neat thing about this is, you have light source that flickers on and off at about 1,000 hertz, another light source that detects that light at 1,000 hertz, and so you can run this system in broad daylight.

Exposure

Exposure

(a) Photometry this technique measures the stellar flux variation at some wavelengths, and enhances knowledge of the evolution and internal structure of the stars

The new ALOMAR lidar observatory for middle atmosphere observations, particularly for continuous ozone measurements, is the object of a great deal of international interest.

Geodesy, photo grammetry and remote sensing

Even though the science of earthquake and volcano prediction is in its infancy, the possibility of measuring small tectonic movements using laser ranging techniques or the differential Global Positioning System (GPS), combined with temperature measurements on the surface, is promising.

The program also supports measurements of the solar diameter and analysis of the historical measurements of the plage phenomena (bright, granular areas in the chromosphere of the Sun), which are possible indicators of changes in radiance.

Also, sea based optical measurements for validation of the post launch calibration and various products derived from the satellite observations must be equally accurate.

The observatory, which will have five laser systems, of which three are already operational, as well as a number of ground measurement systems, is unique.

But, probably one of my students, Ariel unclear , said, Could we measure the speed of light using the wave equation?

The system measures the beam's time of flight, recording the time it takes for the light to hit a surface and make its return.

Photon numbers

B. Measurement and detection

The Institute is a member of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) and the European Laser Ranging Service.

Now, this is a low powered laser, and we can actually pick up a wing beat frequency.

One on the auroral probe POLRAD the radio spectro polarimeter to measure electromagnetic auroral kilometric radiation.