36. Article 236 of the Political Constitution of the Republic of Guatemala states that military service is a civic right and duty of Guatemalans.

Generally, there might be three possible ways for the project company to acquire easements the project company might acquire them directly from the owners of the properties concerned the host Government might acquire and transfer them to the project company or the law may grant such rights directly to the project company.

Hereafter, rights of way, easements and similar rights are generally referred to by the word easement .

2. Rights of way and other easements 16 23 6

2. Rights of way and other easements

A somewhat different alternative might be for the law itself to provide the type of easements given to the project company, without necessarily requiring the expropriation of the property to which such easements pertain.

The Temporary Act on Military Service provides that alternative (labour) service shall be carried out in State labour detachments and in humanitarian and public services.

The precise nature of the easements required by the project company would often depend on the nature of the project.

The host Government in some cases may prefer to leave it for the project company to negotiate easements with the owners of property.

2. Easements (legislative recommendation 4 and paras. 13 16)

Thus, the host Government might prefer to acquire and grant to the project company the necessary easements.

184. It was suggested that paragraph 14 should refer to the public interest and other conditions for obtaining an easement through expropriation.

The Temporary Act on Military Service provides that alternative (labour) service shall be carried out in State labour detachments and in humanitarian and public services.

In addition to public and local sectors, the service may be performed in certain other institutions, including the church and certain non profit making civil societies.

Czech Republic Substitutory service is available and can be performed in public services (hospitals, etc.) (WRI).

After having completed military service and traineeship, he was appointed Assistant and then Deputy Municipal Public Prosecutor in Koper.

Dominican Republic There is no alternative service (NISBCO).

Attention to young conscripts on National Military Service SEDENA SEP INEA

10. The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, adopted on 25 October 1992, provides that citizens of the Republic of Lithuania are obliged to serve in the national defence service or to perform alternative service in the manner established by law .

The active forces now total 12,000.

In the light of the diversity of possible easements required in different projects, the host Government may find it preferable not to define in more precise terms the scope of those easements, leaving it to be established for each project individually.

27. The laws of the Republic of Lithuania do not define the status of persons who cannot serve in the active military forces because of conscientious objection.

Easements usually require the consent of the owner of the property to which they pertain, unless such rights are provided by the law.

Individuals enrolled in alternative service are entitled to all rights and prerogatives enjoyed by citizens enlisted in the regular military service, including remuneration equivalent to the soldier apos s allowances (E CN.4 1995 99 Brazil).

I wanted to confront the boundaries of the citizen, self imposed and real, and confront the divide between privileged and public access to knowledge.

In cases where the project site is acquired by the host Government or the project company through expropriation, the question of easements might be dealt with in conjunction with the expropriation of the project site.

This office, says Professor Klitgaard, may be public or private but corruption is usually regarded as a public phenomenon.

Czech Republic 12 months of compulsory military service 18 months of alternative service (WRI).

Private lawns, public parks

The State party should fully recognize the right to conscientious objection in times of compulsory military service and should establish an alternative form of service, the terms of which should be non discriminatory (Covenant, arts. 18 and 26).

4. With the end in view of updating those annexes, information about military service, conscientious objection and or alternative service submitted by States parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to the Human Rights Committee was also studied. However, only a few pertinent references were found.

The success of such measures would generate the conditions needed for a more equitable distribution of wealth, most of which had been generated from slavery, indentureship and colonialism.

30. In Slovakia, citizens may refuse the exercise of basic military service in accordance with the Act on Civil Service No. 207 1995, and they may perform civil service by undertaking activities for a period twice as long as the basic military service, which, in accordance with Directive No. 115 1993, of the Government of the Slovak Republic of 27 April 1993, lasts 12 months.

38. The Congress of the Republic is at present examining various bills dealing with military and social service that have been submitted to it.

Instead of substitute service, persons recognized as entitled to refuse to perform war service may also perform service as civil defence or disaster prevention auxiliaries or in the development services or in a service abroad intended to further the peaceful coexistence of the peoples.

Turkey There is no provision for alternative service on conscientious grounds, although since 18 April 1987 all in military service may apply to do service in forestry, public institutions, etc. after completing three months apos basic training.

Federal Republic of Germany Alternative service is available to recognized conscientious objectors.

Citizens can refuse to perform the basic military service in accordance with the Act on Civil Service No. 207 1995, and they can perform civil service by undertaking activities which last twice as long as the basic military service.

39. In Germany, anyone whose entitlement to refuse to perform military service is recognized must render substitute service.

It can be performed in environmental protection, health care and public service (WRI).

Finland Non military service consists of work for the public good.

For instance, a law specific to the power generation sector might grant the following easements

41. Whoever disturbs, colludes to disturb or sabotages a legally held assembly, parade or demonstration, thereby giving rise to chaotic public order, is to be sentenced to not more than five years of fixed term imprisonment, criminal detention, control or deprivation of political rights.

He reported that 91 officers and 2638 enlisted men were known dead.

From the foregoing it is apparent that military service is established as a public service, which is obligatory subject to the conditions laid down in the respective laws, which in this case are the Military Service Act and the regulations relating thereto.