So we hypothesized that female stem cells might be better at identifying the injury, doing some cellular repair or even producing new organs, which is one of the things that we're trying to do with stem cell therapy.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

The sudden loss of many brain cells as a result of strokes or injuries must have serious effects on an animal s survival. It seems likely that the replacement of neurons in the adult brain did not evolve to make up losses due to illness or lesion, but as a process of constant renewal, a few cells being replaced every day.

Cells that are capable of triggering inflammation are balanced by cells that promote tolerance, protecting the body without damaging sensitive tissues.

No skin broken, sir.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

That's going to spray cells over that area.

Whereas a skin cell or a liver cell, for instance, can reproduce only more skin or liver, stem cells, which are the most robust at the beginning of human development, are master cells. As a fertilized egg turns into an embryo, and then a fetus, those initial stem cells somehow show their daughter cells how to become skin, liver, eye, or bone.

We're removing the cancer cells, but we're revealing the previous damage that the body has tried to fix.

Further understanding of the mechanisms of cellular damage caused by and of cellular responses to ionizing radiation and the biological effects in organisms will provide a sounder basis for determining the risks of radiation exposure.

Stem cells may be used as building blocks to repair damaged scaffolds within our body, or to provide new liver cells to repair damaged liver.

The IML 2 studies of radiation biology showed damage to living cells as an effect of the natural space environment.

Here, this is a protocell, and it's vigorously shedding this skin.

And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex, which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats.

This was done in Japan and in the U.S., published at the same time, and it rebooted skin cells into stem cells, last year.

In many forms of blindness, like retinitis pigmentosa, or macular degeneration, the photoreceptor cells have atrophied or been destroyed.

Cell loss, mutations in chromosomes, mutations in the mitochondria and so on.

And in the measure that we learn how chickens grow wings, and what the program is for those cells to differentiate, one of the things we're going to be able to do is to stop undifferentiated cells, which you know as cancer, and one of the things we're going to learn how to do is how to reprogram cells like stem cells in such a way that they express bone, stomach, skin, pancreas.

We coat the inside with these bladder lining cells.

There is just too many things to go wrong.

And possibly eukaryotic cells, those that we have, are possible within a decade.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

We can now reprogram your skin cells to actually act like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell and to utilize those potentially to treat multiple organs in that same patient making your own personalized stem cell lines.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

Stem cells may be used to deliver growth factors to repair damaged heart muscle or be differentiated into heart muscle cells to restore heart function.

If somehow we can cause these cells to differentiate to become bone tissue, lung tissue, liver tissue, whatever that cancer has been put there to do it would be a repair process. We'd end up better than we were before cancer.

Microscopic pigment granules produced by skin pigment cells aggregate around the cell's nucleus to shield the DNA from the marauding rays and prevent mutation. It is irrelevant whether the ultraviolet radiation came from a bulb or a star.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

It turns out, the DNA in the bacterial cell was actually methylated, and the methylation protects it from the restriction enzyme, from digesting the DNA.

(This is perhaps the first indication that self sacrifice may be an intrinsic human trait!) Damaged by the sun, but not quite able to commit suicide, the mutated cell continues to proliferate at the expense of normal surrounding cells, resulting in a pre cancerous growth that can progress to a full blown squamous cell carcinoma.

Ultraviolet radiation causes specific and unique mutations in the tumor suppressor gene that produces a protein called p53. This protein is involved in a process called apoptosis in which damaged cells commit suicide to ensure that their defective genes are not passed on to daughter cells.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

And if you had an injured organ, if you had a heart attack and we wanted to repair that injured area, do you want those robust, plentiful stem cells on the top?

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

This is just a collection of pathways in the cell.