(a) Export credit insurance UNCTAD should support the spread of export credit insurance facilities in the developing world.

The President may direct the Export Import Bank of the United States not to give approval to the issuance of any guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or participation in the extension of credit in connection with the export of any goods or services to any sanctioned person

Association of Export Credit Insurance Organizations

The EXIM Bank provides credits to overseas investments through the Overseas Investment Facility, and an Overseas Investment Insurance scheme is run by the Malaysia Export Credit Insurance Berhad to cover political risks.

DAKAR Association of Export Credit UNION Insurance Organizations .

This trend is evident in a number of product areas, particularly export credit insurance, export finance guarantees, export factoring and leasing (domestic and cross border).

(b) Export Loan Guarantees guarantee schemes to support domestic and export financing for SMEs are generally operated by government agencies or non profit organizations.

Indicators that would inform on the different types of products available include a census of products offered (e.g. letters of credit, forward exchange contracts, pre or post shipment finance), types of insurance products available (export credit insurance), government export credit guarantees, etc.

1992 Investment and Export Credit Conference Regional Binding Adopted

(a) Provision of credit loans through group guaranteed and individual lending schemes

A network of export credit agencies, efficient payment and credit guarantee arrangements, and local banks supporting trade capacity building institutions are a few options that may be considered.

Credit organizations could even provide loans for poor households and individuals under the credit guarantee of the Women's Union or the Farmers' Association.

Examples of topics in this category include, subsidies, loan guarantees and other import export incentives.

Concerning financial support measures, a loan guarantee fund had been set up in the National Economy Bank which provided credit guarantees for small and medium sized enterprises.

Therefore, some experts considered that ODA could be used to leverage FDI, e.g. by creating infrastructure, providing guarantees, reinsurance and or export credits.

Both the new refinanced loans and the trade credit lines will be guaranteed by Bank Indonesia.

The seller retains title or the lender is granted a security right in the tangibles purchased to secure the repayment of the credit or loan.

The credit institution issues a loan to students from poor families after it has received the guarantee from the respective local government.

Solidarity group lending product

(b) Is unaffected by the date on which an advance or other obligation secured by the security right is made or incurred (i.e. a security right may secure future advances under a credit facility with the same priority as advances made under the credit facility at the time the security right is made effective against third parties).

Particularly, Women Unions at various levels are allowed by the Government to act as credit guarantors for their members' loans.

Financial incentives in developing countries are mainly subsidized loans, loan guarantees and government grants.

Note to the Working Group The commentary will make it clear that rejection of a credit agreement does not terminate the security agreement and does not extinguish the security right.

In the same spirit, the Guide also addresses concerns that have been expressed with respect to secured credit.

Players that would be interviewed for this sector include the central bank, export import banks (when applicable), local and foreign banks and insurance companies operating in the country, brokers (insurance) and the Trade Department (if offering export credit guarantee schemes).

Malaysia offers a number of facilities such as a fund for OFDI, export credit insurance and guarantee schemes, overseas project financing and the Malaysia Singapore Third Country Business Development Fund.

For some categories of risks, such as political risks, the project may require guarantees provided by international financial institutions, such as the World Bank or the International Financial Corporation, or by export credit agencies.

The procedure for granting loans is prescribed by Regulation of the CM On Procedure for the Granting, Repayment and Discharge of a Study Loan and Student's Loan from Resources of a Credit Institution with State Provided Guarantees.

It was widely felt that modern secured credit laws could have a significant impact on the availability and the cost of credit and thus on international trade.

Security rights in goods in transit and export goods

The cost of credit will be reduced if security rights can be obtained in an efficient manner.

7 Defined as the sum of total official flows (loans and grants), excluding officially supported export credits.

Loans are provided to women organized in groups, who guarantee each other's loans.

Finance, credit and insurance

Particular attention to wages, working conditions, job security, participation in decision making, women's ability to export services, and access to credit and information and communication technologies is required.

Finally, noting that the Gambia had microcredit programmes, she wondered how many were targeted at women, and whether they charged low interest or lent without collateral.

The said loans are issued upon the guarantee by two natural persons.

ABC obtains a loan from Lender A to finance the purchase of the drill presses from Vendor B, secured by a security right in the drill presses.

Other innovative financing mechanisms include credit guarantees, revolving funds and issuance of municipal bonds.

Ignorance of banking procedures and loan conditions

Women earn on average 65 per cent less than men they need access to financial resources (credits, loans, subsidies, investments) and collateral (bank guarantees attached to property ownership).

In 2004, 180 million kroons worth of loans were planned to be granted and loan securities were planned to be granted for another 100 million.

These loans are primarily organized under a group guaranteed lending scheme, but also included individual subsidized loans.

In May 2004, UNCTAD was instrumental in the creation of the African Export Credit Insurers' Association, and the adherence to this association of the membership of the Dakar Union.

While some concerns were expressed with respect to the feasibility of work in the field of secured credit law, the Commission noted that those concerns were not widely shared and went on to consider the scope of work.