At the end of 1987, the scope of the biological weapons work was further expanded and research into additional bacterial agents, such as Clostridium perfringens and fungal toxins, such as trichothecene mycotoxins, was carried out.

Consider the fungi including mushrooms, rusts, molds and many disease causing organisms.

OK. So, the patient was treated then with a third generation cephalosporin antibiotic and doxycycline, and on day three, it didn't help she had progressed to acute failure.

The remnants of biological munitions which Iraq declared had been filled with Bacillus anthracis, botulinum toxin and aflatoxin were provided to the inspectors for verification.

One of the interesting things about these particular guys is that they're in the actinomycete and streptomycete groups of the bacteria, which is where we get most of our antibiotics.

But you've had this penicillin though, haven't you?

We know that that works.

Everything is covered in invisible ecosystems made of tiny lifeforms bacteria, viruses and fungi.

So we've made a silk card with penicillin in it.

Now I don't want you all to go out taking rapamycin.

Here you see a typical cucumber leaf that turned actually from green to black because of a black fungus, sooty mold, which is covering it.

You mean the tuberculosis bacteria reaction?

And the Government Research Bureau brought representatives together and told them that this is something that has to be done.

In addition, Iraq provided the locations where the unilateral destruction of bulk agents, including Bacillus anthracis, botulinum toxin, Clostridium perfringens and aflatoxin, had taken place. These included two dump sites at Al Hakam and destruction sites at Al Azzizziyah firing range (75 km south east of Baghdad) and Al Nibai desert (50 km north west of Baghdad).

And right now Ronnie Dowsetfs probably responding fast to penicillin.

Fungi don't like to rot from bacteria, and so our best antibiotics come from fungi.

And once you get increased antibiotic resistance, the antibiotics aren't knocking out the harmful strains anymore.

Because farming takes place outdoors and in dirt, such contamination is a fact of life. Over the centuries, the main culprit in mass food poisoning often has been contamination of unprocessed crops by fungal toxins a risk that is exacerbated when insects attack food crops, opening wounds that allow fungi (molds) to get a foothold.

Every year, innumerable packaged food products worldwide are withheld or recalled from the market due to the presence of all natural contaminants like insect parts, toxic molds, bacteria, and viruses. Because farming takes place outdoors and in dirt, such contamination is a fact of life.

But in this case, there's already a drug called rapamycin that binds to the TOR protein and inhibits its activity.

The mushrooms then are harvested, but very importantly, the mycelium has converted the cellulose into fungal sugars.

That was how quickly penicillin was produced and became one of the greatest medical advances of all time.

And you can take rapamycin and give it to a mouse even when it's pretty old, like age 60 for a human, that old for a mouse if you give the mouse rapamycin, it will live longer.

The worst possibility is that a very simple germ, like staph, for which we have one antibiotic that still works, mutates.

We kill bacteria with traditional antibiotics and that selects for resistant mutants.

The biological weapons programme also began research on other agents, including ricin toxin and Clostridium botulinum spores.

Actually I had Cisplatin, Doxorubicin and very high dose Methotrexate.

Early in 1989, the production of botulinum toxin was started at Al Hakam, while pilot scale production of anthrax and aflatoxin began at Salman Pak.

The bacterial genes express proteins that are toxic to corn boring insects, but that are harmless to birds, fish, and mammals, including humans. As the modified corn fends off insect pests, it also reduces the levels of the mold Fusarium, thereby reducing the levels of fumonisin.

I'm essentially using a kombucha recipe, which is a symbiotic mix of bacteria, yeasts and other micro organisms, which spin cellulose in a fermentation process.

You could have made it in the 1920s you wouldn't have had penicillin.

Don't overdo the Botox nobody will think you're honest.

It all sort of started as a benign mistake, like penicillin.

Baccarat.

Tough!

Our first task was a 5,000 letter code bacteriophage, a virus that attacks only E. coli.

Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction

Al Fudaliyah was a legitimate civilian facility that was used for the production of the biological warfare agent aflatoxin without any significant modifications to its infrastructure.

What bad luck!

I'm unlucky.

Sucker.

CalamityJoe.

So if we put you in the category of you've got syphilis, we can give you penicillin.

They get soap, hygiene, education, vaccination, penicillin and then family planning. Family size is decreasing.

They either pop the bacterial membrane, they make the bacterium so it can't replicate its DNA.