Halogens

Halogen

You're a very rash young man.

However, it was expected that HFC 134a production would continue to increase in developed countries, while at the same time non HFC alternatives would increasingly be introduced.

Selects the color of the halogen elements

Halocarbons The main concern with the family of man made halocarbons has been their impact on the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer.

Kumataro sounds like a mountain bandit,

Future ozone concentrations are mainly driven by the changes in stratospheric halogen loading, with ozone recovery occurring after the peak of halogen loading.

If adjusting HFC, PFC and SF6 estimates from the consumption of halocarbons and SF6, consideration should be given to the uncertainty of sales figures (e.g. for sales of these chemicals to the foam blowing industry) and other parameters (such as the composition of the mix in coolants) as given in the IPCC good practice guidance.

If adjusting HFC, PFC and SF6 estimates from the consumption of halocarbons and SF6, consideration should be given to the uncertainty of sales figures (e.g. for sales of these chemicals to the foam blowing industry) and other parameters (such as the composition of the mix in coolants) as given in the IPCC good practice guidance.

If adjusting hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), perfluorocarbon (PFC) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) estimates from the consumption of halocarbons and SF6, consideration should be given to the uncertainty of sales figures (e.g. for sales of these chemicals to the foam blowing industry) and other parameters (such as the composition of the mix in coolants) as given in the IPCC good practice guidance.

You're looking at brine pools formed by salt diapirs.

The 1998 Declaration on HCFCs, HFCs and PFCs could also usefully be revisited.

UN 3049 Amend the name in column (a2) to read METAL ALKYL HALIDES, WATER REACTIVE, N.O.S. or METAL ARYL HALIDES, WATER REACTIVES, N.O.S. .

(a) Reducing international trafficking of existing chlorofluorocarbons and ensuring a timely phase out of methyl bromide and hydrofluorocarbons

Other representatives drew attention to the fact that funding was available under the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol for projects involving HFC 23, which is produced in HCFC 22 production as a by product.

Now we would be able to make use of all that waste brine.

47. In reaction to the depletion of the ozone layer, many industries in Malta had resorted to chlorothoro carbon substitutes.

In conclusion, he called for Parties to the Montreal Protocol to instruct the Executive Committee of the Multilateral Fund to cease funding new HCFC and HFC projects, and to review those for which funding had been agreed but had not yet been implemented, to introduce a second round of funding for phase out of HCFCs and HFCs, to accelerate phase out of HCFCs and, in collaboration with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, to place a global cap on production of HFCs.

The report stated that ozone depleting substance replacements such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) generally had lower global warming potential than the ozone depleting substances they replace and that the energy efficiency of products made with alternatives to ozone depleting substances could generally be maintained.

Figure 6. Concentrations of selected halocarbons at GAW global sites

UNIDO's priorities in this area will therefore be as follows

Hydrochlorofluorocarbon, chillers and destruction technologies

In domestic refrigeration he stated that HFC 134a and hydrocarbons continued to be dominant alternatives.

Hydrocarbon gas, mixture liquefied, n.o.s. Isobutane

Finally, in mobile air conditioning, he predicted that by 2008, almost all vehicles would be using HFC 134a, but that owing to consideration of the global warming potential of HFC 134a, replacements, including CO2 and HFC 152a, were being looked at.

Organic peroxide pictogram Symbol (flame) black or white Background upper half red, lower half yellow Figure 5.2 in the bottom corner black

The Secretariat will update the Parties on submissions that have been made pursuant to decision XV 3, as well as other actions that have taken place under this decision.

The representative of an industry association whose members produced and used HFCs complimented the report on confirming the role of HFCs as safe long term alternatives to ozone depleting substances, with beneficial effects not only for ozone depletion but also for the global climate, as they allowed improvements in energy efficiency in many applications.

More limited production and consumption of HCFC 22 in the period prior to phase out would further protect the ozone layer and reduce greenhouse gas emissions of HCFC 22 and HFC 23 produced as an unwanted by product of HCFC 22 production.

He predicted that hydrocarbons were likely to be the predominant blowing agent in the medium term, while noting that reliance on limited numbers of production sites for key HFCs was posing a challenge to the transition from HCFCs in some regions.

Iran points out that some of the hydrocarbons, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are very toxic.

The report showed that up to 60 per cent of current emissions from HFC uses could be avoided through strategies such as containment, proper servicing and training of personnel, illustrating the value of responsible use of HFCs.

The waste was combinated with 1.7 per cent lead, other heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Representatives of a number of Parties operating under paragraph 1 of Article 5 drew attention to a current shortage of HFCs in some developing countries, which was retarding the introduction of non ozone depleting alternatives.

While actions taken under the Montreal Protocol had so far led to a reduction in greenhouse gases, this was little cause for rejoicing, as much more could have been achieved if the Multilateral Fund had not funded so many HCFC and HFC alternatives to CFCs.

Mr. Kuijpers noted that related gases (CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs and PFCs) were used in a variety of sectors, including refrigeration and air conditioning, foams, medical aerosols, fire protection and non medical aerosols.

Ms Solomon then reviewed an evaluation of the mobile air conditioning sector, which showed the growth of use of HFC 134a and the need to consider end of life management issues for both CFCs and HFCs.

A4.1.2 The use of this guidance document is dependent on importing countries requirements for SDS.

The restriction imposed by the Montreal Protocol show that for selected halocarbons there has been a decrease in their growth in the atmosphere (Figure 6).

These values are taken from the most recent assessment, published in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Technology and Economic Assessment Panel special report, and are considered valid for a 100 year time horizon.

HFC emissions could reach as much as 20 25 per cent of CO2 emissions over the period 2015 2100.

Mr. Radhey Agarwal, co chair of the Committee, informed representatives that HFCs continued to be the main alternatives in most of the sectors covered by the Refrigeration, Air conditioning and Heat pump Technical Options Committee (RTOC).

And in parts of the Arabian Gulf, the seawater, the salinity is increasing steadily due to the discharge of waste brine from desalination plants.

From the point of view of prevention of illegal trade it is very important that HCFCs are included since otherwise CFCs could be traded under trade names and customs codes of HCFCs, thereby escaping by and large customs controls.