Workers in socialized and non socialized establishments, and establishments owned by individuals which employ workers

In today s competitive global marketplace, countries need to upgrade and diversify their industries continuously according to their changing endowments. A pioneering firm s success or failure in upgrading and or diversifying will influence whether other firms follow or not.

Enterprise level diversification patterns

B. Enterprise sector strategies in diversification

B. Enterprise sector strategies in diversification 39 54

These developments are accompanied by a growing concentration of power in the hands of new multimedia enterprises based in the industrialized world.

Government policies and firms diversification decisions

Most of the enterprises that have internationalized are large firms in resource and finance industries.

Owing to the pressure put on all firms by the recent trends towards globalization and liberalization, systematic attempts have been made by enterprises, particularly from the OECD and newly industrializing countries, to invest in technology and strengthen technological capabilities with a view to improving competitiveness.

The enterprise sector and developments in diversification

9. In order to further develop the processes of integration, the Heads of State called for encouragement for the creation of consortia in the fields of industry, agriculture, and transport and communications.

It is, therefore, relevant to see what kind of strategies are followed by enterprises that contribute to the diversification of the economy, the factors that affect their decisions, and the importance of inter firm relations, including the place of such firms in the global commodity chains and industrial clusters.

If there are several unions based on an enterprise, on an industry, or both, competing in the same enterprise, the collective agreement shall be concluded with the union with the greatest number of members in the enterprise

A great variety of enterprises is very wise, very wise.

The Regionalization Finance Scheme (RFS) from IE Singapore also helps local SMEs (total assets less than S 30 million) to set up overseas operations.

Science and technology parks and business incubators are an effective means of commercializing research and creating start up enterprises.

So we decided to privatize many of our enterprises.

Diversification within a firm appears easier in formal sector processing industries which have easier access to information and finance.

No cases are reported of industrial establishments employing children.

SMEs in the software industry are disproportionately more internationalized than SMEs in manufacturing activities This reflects the competitiveness of Indian SMEs in software activities.

Many such firms were family firms, which found it difficult to develop an entrepreneurial outlook.

Moreover, support mechanisms and programmes need to respond to the diversity of firms involved and the types of problems faced by different categories of SMEs, ranging from subsistence or income supplementing microenterprises operating in the informal sector to internationalized, technologically advanced SMEs.

Nevertheless, many corporate responsibility initiatives currently came directly from industry.

The changing and heterogeneous nature of enterprises and of international competition

Table 7. Top ten SMEs and large sized enterprises from Indian manufacturing

Based on an industry, i.e., made up of workers employed in two or more enterprises in the same branch of industry, i.e., made up of workers employed in one or more enterprises in the same branch of industry in two or more states of the Federation.

Firms which have diversified vertically tend to be the largest in terms of their turnover, but are among the less profitable and achieve the lowest rates of growth. The best growth performance is achieved by firms diversifying into related areas, while diversification into unrelated areas yields the highest profits but slow growth.

The national programmes for the creation of productive jobs are associated with the policies for modernization of industry and agriculture and with the promotion of farm exports, micro enterprises and other small businesses.

Most of the enterprises in the first category are either foreign owned or in the public sector.

A large number of private sector companies and community based organizations are also very active in the promotion of cultural industries.

In some industrialized countries, local networks of businesses, known as corporate volunteer councils, have been formed to share effective practices and address community needs through workplace volunteering.

These microenterprise loans begin as low as 600, with a few more established entrepreneurs taking loans of up to 12,000.

In this respect, specific areas promising success are

The spread of agro industry and rural industrialization has increased the possibilities for women to access cash income through self employment or the setting up of rural enterprises.

UNCTAD s EMPRETEC programme on entrepreneurship and small and medium scale enterprise development aims at stimulating employment creating investment, technology transfer and export diversification through the training of indigenous entrepreneurs and the development of innovative SMEs.

Half of the businesses have only one worker, and 98 have fewer than ten.

In some industrialized countries, these highways are reaching into homes and the premises of small and medium sized enterprises as well as the largest firms.

362. Most women graduates have studied civil engineering or industrial, chemical or manufacturing applications.

In other words, the relationship between internationalization and firm competitiveness is two way in the sense that the former increases the latter and the latter leads to the former.

Most enterprises have been established in the traditional sectors, such as food products, beverages, textiles and leather products, simple processing (for example, industrial chemicals) and assembly activities.

Private employee

(iv) Privatization of state owned enterprises

UNCTAD's component included intensive training and business development services for more than 1,000 local companies, the establishment of TNC SME business linkages and the implementation of a business incubator.

Modernization of the institutional environment for enterprises

Based on an enterprise, i.e., made up of workers employed in the same enterprise.