Orbit type

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3. Little LEO

There are three general classes of orbit that may be suitable for small satellites the geostationary orbit (GSO), the highly elliptical orbit (HEO) and the low Earth orbit (LEO).

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(d) Stuttgart (1992) (Light rail conference)

The purpose of the study is to define requirements of a small satellite system to determine the orbits of small debris near the geostationary orbit.

1. Additional source terms for orbital debris modelling

Research on and development of small, low Earth orbiting satellite communication systems

Models have predicted that the orbital debris environment could exceed the meteoroid environment in certain regions of low Earth orbit.

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The model is applicable to altitudes from LEO to GEO, providing environment estimates in the short term.

(a) Research on and development of small, low Earth orbiting satellite communication systems

This orbit is usually reached from a standard geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) provided by a large launch vehicle.

For the odd operation to remove large objects from orbit it is possible to use interorbital tugs with liquid rocket motors or even orbital transport craft of the Buran or Space Shuttle type.

With the assistance of models of the orbital debris environment, the risk of collision among operational spacecraft and orbital debris can be evaluated.

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Consequently, the International Space Station will employ over 200 different types of orbital debris and micrometeoroid shields.

GLONASS Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (Russian Federation)

GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System (Russian Federation)

GLONASS Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System (Russian Federation)

LEO is generally preferred for small satellite missions.

From these data the physical properties are derived like size, shape, dimensions, intrinsic motion, mass, orbit, and orbital lifetime.

The increasing volume of objects launched for military purposes such as small satellites and new super small assets are threatening to over populate near space orbits and lead to reduced visibility.

The Russian Federation continued the use of the middle and heavy class launchers of the Soyuz, Molniya and Proton type to launch communication, scientific and many other payloads into different orbits (including GSO).

Dominating in both curves, however, are the objects in Molniya type orbits.

(f) Dual size particle in a box these are two models with the ability to handle LEO constellations

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The worst cause of deterioration of the orbital environment is on orbit break up of space objects caused by collision with a large object, accidental explosion and intentional destruction

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(d) IDES is a semi deterministic model of the environment using detailed historical and future traffic models to provide short term and long term predictions of the orbital debris environment and the collision flux it presents to specific satellites.

This satellite, the first model of which is to be launched in 2002 or 2003, will be inserted into a polar orbit.

In facing this problem Indonesia is now developing an Indonesian Orbital Debris Monitoring System (IODMS) which includes four main models Traffic Model (TM), Break up Model (BM), Decay Model (DM) and Flux Model (FM).

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