And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.

This is actually a heart valve, which we engineered.

And you can go inside the heart itself and repair the valves from the inside.

He can go inside, push inside of the heart, and really feel how the valves are moving.

And what happens is this can be implanted into a human heart without open heart surgery.

This is actually a heart valve that we've engineered, and you can see here, we have the structure of the heart valve and we've seeded that with cells, and then we exercise it.

Six weeks, these folds are now beginning with the papilla on the inside of the heart actually being able to pull down each one of those valves in your heart until you get a mature heart and then basically the development of the entire human body.

And once it's in the right spot, they remove the outer shell, and the heart valve, well, it gets this shape and at that moment it starts beating, instantly.

So this is actually a Dutch company, so I called them up, and I asked, Can I borrow a heart valve from you?

So, the most beautiful thing I found at least what I think is the most beautiful in the book, is this heart valve.

And the way you engineer this heart valve is the same strategy.

So one of the pioneers, for example, is Dr. Anthony Atala, and he has been working on layering cells to create body parts bladders, valves, kidneys.

The low tech bit is that it's literally a pig's heart valve mounted in the high tech bit, which is a memory metal casing.

Great and then I didn't hear from them for weeks, so I called, and I asked, What's going on with the heart valve?

This was the only modality that can see the inner lining of the heart.

But I said we can't get rid of it, because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves found out you can't get rid of that immunity.

So you see the leaflets opening and closing of this heart valve that's currently being used experimentally to try to get it to further studies.

On the cardiac side, pacemakers are getting smaller and much easier to place so you don't need to train an interventional cardiologist to place them.

We take the scaffold, we seed it with cells, and you can now see here, the valve leaflets opening and closing.

Even trips to the dentist require that you take antibiotics, in case you get an internal infection on the valve.

Heart disease, stroke, diabetes, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, retinal eye diseases are any of these conditions relevant, personally, to you?

According to Manoj Jain of Emory University, every year 200,000 US patients could be kept alive a little longer with an LVAD, at a cost of 200,000 per patient, or 40 billion. Is that a sensible use of resources in a country in which there are officially 39 million people below the poverty line, which for a family of four is 22,000?

We can control all 12 of these petals for under 50 dollars and what this would allow us to do is not have to move the focus any more, but only move the petals.

Heart failure?

Heart diseases.

A heart attack?

Bum heart.

Likewise, if you have the artificial valve option, you're committed to antibiotic therapy whenever you have any intrusive medical treatment at all.

The surgery on offer was pretty gruesome anesthetize you, open your chest, put you on an artificial heart and lung machine, drop your body temperature to about 18 centigrade, stop your heart, cut the aorta out, replace it with a plastic valve and a plastic aorta, and, most importantly, commit you to a lifetime of anticoagulation therapy, normally warfarin.

In other words, you have dissolved the barrier between you and other human beings.

And you reverse the pressure on your membrane once you've cooked it. Pop it out.

We're doing this at the Cedars Sinai Heart Institute in the Women's Heart Center.

Hearts

Heart's fit.

In the heart?

His heart?

Heart failure...

The heart, Ramon.

Her heart...

My heart was three and a half sizes too big.

474. According to estimates of the Cardiology Institute, there are about 1 million people suffering from coronary disease in Poland.

You have heart disease.

Cerebrovascular Other heart diseases

His health is poor.

(a) The transplantation of human organs, since modern science has succeeded in transplanting many organs such as kidneys, artificial kidneys, livers, lungs, pancreases, spleens, bone marrow, corneas and hearts into human bodies.