We don't need sophisticated heart transplants around the world.

According to Manoj Jain of Emory University, every year 200,000 US patients could be kept alive a little longer with an LVAD, at a cost of 200,000 per patient, or 40 billion. Is that a sensible use of resources in a country in which there are officially 39 million people below the poverty line, which for a family of four is 22,000?

And the fact that pig heart valves have lots of these on them is the reason that you can't transplant a pig heart valve into a person easily.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that some 50,000 of the approximately 70,000 solid organs transplanted annually are kidney replacements and more than one third of the latter replacements take place in low or medium income countries.

(a) The transplantation of human organs, since modern science has succeeded in transplanting many organs such as kidneys, artificial kidneys, livers, lungs, pancreases, spleens, bone marrow, corneas and hearts into human bodies.

The transplantation of solid organs, such as kidneys, livers, hearts or lungs, has gradually become a regular component of health care systems in many countries and not only in developed ones.

The kidney was indeed the first organ ever to be transplanted to the human.

Marrow transplantation programme, with the aim of increasing the number of transplantation centres and the number of transplantations performed

For the kidney, as I talked to you about the first painting that you saw, the first slide I showed you, 90 percent of the patients on the transplant wait list are waiting for a kidney, 90 percent.

Whether by a Mack truck or by heart failure or faulty lungs, death happens.

And what happens is this can be implanted into a human heart without open heart surgery.

This is not a life saving transplant like a heart, or liver, or lung transplant it is a quality of life transplant, and as a result, are the patients going to say, if they get a malignant cancer 10 or 15 years on, I wish I'd had conventional reconstructive techniques rather than this because I'm now dying of a malignant cancer ? We don't know yet.

Your aorta comes up behind your heart.

More marrow transplantation centres have been established and more transplantations are being performed

So I was privileged to train in transplantation under two great surgical pioneers Thomas Starzl, who performed the world's first successful liver transplant in 1967, and Sir Roy Calne, who performed the first liver transplant in the U.K.

In 1988, at the University of Minnesota, I participated in a small series of whole organ pancreas transplants.

I don't know if you realize this, but 90 percent of the patients on the transplant list are actually waiting for a kidney.

And in transplantation, concepts shifted from whole organs to cells.

But I said we can't get rid of it, because all the people who tried to transplant heart valves found out you can't get rid of that immunity.

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I was sitting there kind of unenthusiastically talking with the head transplant surgeon, and I asked him if I needed a transplant, what I could do to prepare.

Well it means growing an actual heart, let's say, or grow a piece of bone that can be put into the body.

And the plants will filter, by the roots, the dirty water of the fish.

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Heart failure?

Heart diseases.

A heart attack?

Bum heart.

We can use, actually, biomaterials and the cells together.