And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex, which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

And place cells also get this kind of path integration input from a kind of cell called a grid cell.

It's a non spiking cell.

The hippocampus is formed of two sheets of cells, which are very densely interconnected.

Whereas a skin cell or a liver cell, for instance, can reproduce only more skin or liver, stem cells, which are the most robust at the beginning of human development, are master cells. As a fertilized egg turns into an embryo, and then a fetus, those initial stem cells somehow show their daughter cells how to become skin, liver, eye, or bone.

Do people have grid cells?

And if you record from several grid cells shown here in different colors each one has a grid like firing pattern across the environment, and each cell's grid like firing pattern is shifted slightly relative to the other cells.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex where you have thousands and tens of thousands and millions of images, or figments, or fragmentary figments, all neurally encoded in particular cells or small clusters of cells.

It is a description of the changes in one enzyme when you drip a chemical extracted from some red grape skin onto some cancer cells in a dish on a bench in a laboratory somewhere.

So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.

Here, this is a protocell, and it's vigorously shedding this skin.

And grid cells could move this viewpoint through that space.

Now grid cells are found, again, on the inputs to the hippocampus, and they're a bit like place cells.

This was done in Japan and in the U.S., published at the same time, and it rebooted skin cells into stem cells, last year.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

And in the measure that we learn how chickens grow wings, and what the program is for those cells to differentiate, one of the things we're going to be able to do is to stop undifferentiated cells, which you know as cancer, and one of the things we're going to learn how to do is how to reprogram cells like stem cells in such a way that they express bone, stomach, skin, pancreas.

What I want to talk about today is this particular cell, or grouping of cells, that is in each and every one of us.

And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD, has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells.

Plus we have stem cells.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

And in fact, it might be changing the cells themselves to make the cells resistant.

We can now reprogram your skin cells to actually act like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell and to utilize those potentially to treat multiple organs in that same patient making your own personalized stem cell lines.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

If you do it for more than a second, it's enough to basically destroy the proteins of the cells.

Well basically that means that this protein is changing from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell.

And adult stem cells are found in you and me in our blood, in our bone marrow, in our fat, our skin and other organs.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

They were, at that stage, much smaller and had an elongated shape that allowed them to slip between other cells. It came as a great surprise when we discovered that the cells giving birth to the new neurons were a type called radial glia, which were thought not to occur in adulthood and were not known to give birth to neurons.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

It's one of the cells that seems to be atrophied in disorders like schizophrenia.

So what you see in the picture there is a cell with a hormone receptor in red punching through the edge of the cell.

The protocell moves. It encounters the food.

And they concentrate on using cells.