My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

And they will either enter into this so called cellular suicide, programmed cell death, or they will form unhealthy daughter cells and enter into apoptosis once they have divided.

We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death, and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.

And then this bubbling, this membrane bubbling, is the hallmark of apoptosis in this cell.

Whereas a skin cell or a liver cell, for instance, can reproduce only more skin or liver, stem cells, which are the most robust at the beginning of human development, are master cells. As a fertilized egg turns into an embryo, and then a fetus, those initial stem cells somehow show their daughter cells how to become skin, liver, eye, or bone.

And so I thought, Maybe if it can promote cell growth, it can inhibit cell death, too.

Fool tenderfoot's dead, I guess.

Here, this is a protocell, and it's vigorously shedding this skin.

So what happens when a person gets a retinal degenerative disease like macular degeneration? What happens is is that, the front end cells die, the photoreceptors die, and over time, all the cells and the circuits that are connected to them, they die too.

This was done in Japan and in the U.S., published at the same time, and it rebooted skin cells into stem cells, last year.

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

And in the measure that we learn how chickens grow wings, and what the program is for those cells to differentiate, one of the things we're going to be able to do is to stop undifferentiated cells, which you know as cancer, and one of the things we're going to learn how to do is how to reprogram cells like stem cells in such a way that they express bone, stomach, skin, pancreas.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

We can now reprogram your skin cells to actually act like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell and to utilize those potentially to treat multiple organs in that same patient making your own personalized stem cell lines.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

If there are cells in my body that live all 80 years, as opposed to a typical, you know, couple of months?

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

However cancer is constrained by living inside our bodies, and its continued growth, its spreading through our bodies and eating away at our tissues, leads to the death of the cancer patient and also to the death of the cancer itself.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

In order to preserve the human species, it would be preferable surely to use gene therapy with caution, restricting it to somatic cells (body cells excluding germ cells), to the exclusion of germ cells (i.e. the cells used for sexual reproduction).

The immune cells developed into the tolerance promoting cells.

So you may not only have car cells, you may have Aston Martin cells.

And you do that by measuring the relative activation of the left prefrontal cortex in the fMRI, versus the right prefrontal cortex.

And place cells also get this kind of path integration input from a kind of cell called a grid cell.

You're in these levels of inferior visual cortex where you have thousands and tens of thousands and millions of images, or figments, or fragmentary figments, all neurally encoded in particular cells or small clusters of cells.

It is a description of the changes in one enzyme when you drip a chemical extracted from some red grape skin onto some cancer cells in a dish on a bench in a laboratory somewhere.

And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex, which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats.

A person s pancreas cells and skin cells are clearly different, yet they have the same genes with the same DNA sequences. Moreover, the cells features are inherited in their respective cell lineages, even though the stimuli that triggered the differences between them during embryonic development are long gone.

I mean, on the slide, you can see that on our sensitive side, these cells that are responding to the drug, when we start blocking the protein, the number of dying cells those colored dots they're going down.

So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.