We worked with a theme, which is, you've got macrophages that are streaming down a capillary, and they're touching the surface of the capillary wall, and they're picking up information from cells that are on the capillary wall, and they are given this information that there's an inflammation somewhere outside, where they can't see and sense.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries we've got 19 billion of them in our bodies.

You place the vascular blood vessel lining cells on the inside.

Take a look at this little tuft of capillaries.

A blood vessel is made up of two different cell types.

And under the microscope, you can see hundreds of these brown staining blood vessels, capillaries that are feeding cancer cells, bringing oxygen and nutrients.

In the lab, we micro pattern channels in the biomaterials on which we grow the cells, and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food, through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells a lot like what you might expect from a capillary bed in the heart.

(c) Sprut MBI determination of volumes of intra and extra cellular fluid, total circulating blood volume and the proportion of cellular and fluid blood components in the human body under conditions of weightlessness

So we actually perfuse first the blood vessel tree with the patient's own blood vessel cells, and we then infiltrate the parenchyma with the liver cells.

Tumor cells can travel through the blood vessels.

These cancers include acute lymphoblastic leukaemia acute myelogenous leukaemia chronic lymphocytic leukaemia hairy cell leukaemia non Hodgkin's lymphoma Hodgkin's disease melodysplastic syndrome multiple myeloma retinoblastoma Ewing sarcoma Wilms tumour neuroblastoma sarcoma rhabdomyosarcoma testis tumour and lung cancer.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.

And we then can re perfuse the liver with cells, preserving the blood vessel tree.

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

Memory B cells turn into plasma cells, which produce wave after wave of the specific antibodies that latch onto HIV to prevent it from infecting cells, while squadrons of killer T cells seek out and destroy cells that are already HIV infected.

It was a rare gem a brain tumor, hemangioblastoma the gift that keeps on giving.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

And it's at the hair cell level that they do this.

And the first thing that makes me think is that blood vessels are like highways for the tumor cells.

Adult stem cells are throughout our body, including the blood forming stem cells in our bone marrow, which we've been using as a form of stem cell therapy for over 40 years.

But they get the information that causes them to stop, causes them to internalize that they need to make all of the various parts that will cause them to change their shape, and try to get out of this capillary and find out what's going on.

In fact, if you actually block angiogenesis and prevent blood vessels from ever reaching cancer cells, tumors simply can't grow up.

Whereas a skin cell or a liver cell, for instance, can reproduce only more skin or liver, stem cells, which are the most robust at the beginning of human development, are master cells. As a fertilized egg turns into an embryo, and then a fetus, those initial stem cells somehow show their daughter cells how to become skin, liver, eye, or bone.

This is one One of the things that one does occasionally need to do is to separate blood cells from serum.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

And the same vessels that are feeding tumors allow cancer cells to exit into the circulation as metastases.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

Every red blood cell of your body right now has these hourglass shaped pores called aquaporins.

So here's an image of red blood cells, and now we can actually map where the hemozoin and where the malaria parasites are inside those red blood cells.

In a human being, down in here it could be make blood cells, start cancer.

A similar approach of taking immune cells out of patients and teaching them how to target cancer cells has worked in treating a type of leukaemia.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

And adult stem cells are found in you and me in our blood, in our bone marrow, in our fat, our skin and other organs.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

And in the measure that we learn how chickens grow wings, and what the program is for those cells to differentiate, one of the things we're going to be able to do is to stop undifferentiated cells, which you know as cancer, and one of the things we're going to learn how to do is how to reprogram cells like stem cells in such a way that they express bone, stomach, skin, pancreas.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

It was a rare gem a brain tumor, hemangioblastoma the gift that keeps on giving.

And possibly eukaryotic cells, those that we have, are possible within a decade.

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.