Well, even in basalt surfaces in lava tube caves, which are a by product of volcanic activity, we find these walls totally covered, in many cases, by these beautiful, glistening silver walls, or shiny pink or shiny red or shiny gold.

In this particular case, the source over and over has been flood basalts.

And the future is there for us to use these lava tube caves on Mars.

So, lava tube caves I've just told you about organisms that live here on this planet.

And as these tectonic plates are spreading apart, magma, lava is coming up and filling those gaps, and you're looking land new land being created right before your eyes.

Instead of belching out lava, they were belching out big, big bubbles of methane. And they were creating these volcanoes, and there were flows, not of lava, but of the mud coming out of the Earth but driven by I've never seen this before.

This is the Devils Tower in Wyoming, which is a columnar basalt formation that most of you probably know from Close Encounters.

You're climbing on little dimples and nubbins in the rock.

It takes a pile of loose sand and it creates sandstone out of it.

What really excites me about these storms is their movement, the way they swirl and spin and undulate, with their lava lamp like mammatus clouds.

They're clinging to a rock face and actually scraping bacteria off that rock face.

Decorative Rock

Compare this to the opportunity of the Bowland Shale. If, by 2020, the UK could exploit its reserves there at just one third the intensity of the exploitation of the Barnett and Marcellus Shales today, the outcome would be phenomenal.

Decorative Granite

This stuff is everywhere.

Shale Gas to the Rescue?

I am Kazuto Iwamoto.

The waves crashed against the rocks.

Concerning Mr. Zhao Yan.

PRAGUE In late June, the British Geological Survey announced the world s largest shale gas field. The Bowland Shale, which lies beneath Lancashire and Yorkshire, contains 50 more gas than the combined reserves of two of the largest fields in the United States, the Barnett Shale and the Marcellus Shale.

It is understood that Chongqing currently owns 18 shale gas exploration rights established by Ministry of Land and Resources as the first domestic shale gas mining rights the Sinopec Fuling shale gas field.

Here's a piece of limestone.

And then an artist came to them this is a true artist's rendering he wants to build a 55 foot tall lava lamp in the center of town.

We found out that we could go to the source rock, which were the carboniferous shales in the basins.

The US has the largest recoverable shale gas reserves and the second largest recoverable shale oil reserves in the world. It also enjoys a technological lead in shale energy technologies, and it already has a vast network of pipelines, refineries, and ports in the energy sector that can be repurposed for shale gas and oil (though much more investment will be needed).

With this, typically crack climbers would put their hands in and their toes in and just start climbing.

You hit the solid rock.

On the left you can see a lava tube forming at a recent eruption Mount Etna in Sicily and this is the way these tubes form.

Some rocks and some finches.

The Shale Revolution s Global Footprint

A rock fell from above.

The first one was Barnett Shale in Texas and then the Marcellus up in the Northeast across New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Haynesville in Louisiana.

The dictionary is not carved out of a piece of granite, out of a lump of rock. It's made up of lots of little bits.

The flux of its lava cleared all in its path.

He hit his head against a rock.

He hit his head against a rock.

Shale gas is a clean energy resource. It is understood that the completion of the 10 billion cubic meter shale gas field will help cut 12 million tonnes of CO2 emission annually.

No water, rocky soil.

It might be a piece of a core drill of the mountain.

And shale is not quite completely competent rock.

Along the way we've discovered fantastic abysses and chambers so large that you can see for hundreds of meters without a break in the line of sight.

This climber is on the last pitch of it.

So, that's just a rock in the hillside.

And as the sandstone weathers, new grains break free.

And it's just limestone, nothing really special about it.