Taxes, revenues, uncollectible taxes and tax credits

State Revenues Act.

Municipal Revenues Act.

Tax law (paras. 55 57)

Other States may resort to laws prohibiting tax evasion, given that this illegal income is neither declared nor taxed.

Measures governing goods subject to retaliatory customs duties, country or region of application, tariff rate, period, and method of levy shall be determined and published by the State Council Tariffs Commission.

1. Taxation and customs

There are no income, estate or capital gains taxes.

The tax system should be reformed by increasing reliance on income progressive taxes, restructuring the property tax and introducing reasonably progressive taxes.

Tax revenue

In case the financial treatment of the enterprise does not accord with any provision of any law or administrative regulation on taxation, it shall be adjusted under law in paying taxes.

There is no income tax, and customs duties account for about 35 per cent of government revenues other significant revenue sources are company fees, land and stamp taxes, employment tax, a hospital levy, vehicle licence fees and taxes on hotel occupancy, passenger departures and cigarette sales.

China could usefully explore shifting part of the burden from labor toward property, capital gains, and inheritance taxes. Larger dividends paid to the budget from the highly profitable state enterprise sector could also provide an alternative source of funds.

One key idea was to lighten the tax burden on labor . Taking into account the personal income tax and various social contributions, taxation of labor income in China is too high . To be sure, taxes are needed to finance social spending, but revenue sources other than taxes on labor income could do the job. China could usefully explore shifting part of the burden from labor toward property, capital gains, and inheritance taxes.

For the first time since Dayton, new revenue distribution arrangements (customs revenues and most excise and sales tax revenues) have been launched.

Revenue from businesses and entry taxes

The 1998 Ottawa Taxation Framework Conditions provide that rules for the consumption taxation of cross border electronic commerce should result in taxation in the jurisdiction where the consumption takes place.

Collection and grants Allocated non fiscal revenue

This entails abandoning the prevailing dogma that taxes should only be increased when absolutely necessary. This stance assumes that lower tax rates raise the tax GDP ratio by ensuring better compliance with tax laws, and favors indirect taxation (such as value added taxes) in order to broaden the tax base to include those with modest incomes.

3. import duties and domestic taxes.

Recommendation 7 concerning access to banking information for tax purposes proposes that, in the context of counteracting harmful tax competition, countries should review their laws, regulations and practices that govern access to banking information by tax authorities with a view to removing impediments to the access to such information by tax authorities.

The 1998 OECD report in effect categorizes such treatment as a harmful preferential tax regime harmful tax practice (see para. 52 above).

Saved by Taxes

Taxing Tissue

Alternative types of taxation

In many developing countries, total tax revenue is derived from three main sources domestic taxes on goods and services (sales and excise taxes), direct taxes (primarily on corporations), and, most important, taxes on foreign trade (import duties). But, as trade liberalization has lowered tariffs and duties, the share of trade taxes has declined, while other sources have not compensated for falling trade revenue.

18. The status of legal person in public law gives rise to certain rights, in particular the right to levy church taxes through the services of the State and the right to tax advantages and exemptions (notably exemption from corporate tax, land tax and inheritance tax) and exemptions from regulations on costs and tariffs.

For these reasons, Obama is championing a revenue neutral reform that would leave corporate tax revenues unchanged, with the proposed rate cut financed by limiting deductions, credits, and loopholes, which would broaden the tax base.

General carbon taxes are under consideration, and a shift towards taxing the use rather than the purchase of cars is foreseen.

Taxation and determining location of the parties

1. Income tax.

This drop in revenues may be worsened by the amendments to the laws on free zones, value added tax and income tax adopted in 1997 and 1998, which together have eroded the tax base.

The Israeli authorities are pursuing a taxation policy that the Arab citizens of the Golan cannot possibly afford, as it requires income far in excess of their earnings.

It includes preventive measures such as legislation dealing with foreigners, law on associations, tax legislation, visa policies.

Customs duties on imported articles and import links taxes levied by the customs on the behalf of others are combined into import duties and will be levied by the customs in accordance with the law.

Shanghai tax departments have carried out a series of comprehensive activities of tax propaganda since the announcement of the new personal income tax law.

Previous positions include head of the committee reviewing tax law Assistant to the Director, Income Tax Department and head of Income Tax Section, Financial Affairs Department.

Another way of attracting foreign investment may consist in providing special tax regimes for private investors, such as exemption from corporate tax or other taxes, exemption from income tax for foreign personnel required to staff the project, exemption from real estate tax, tax concession on royalties, import duties.

All items should be exempt from tax and customs duty.

In that connection, if tax was currently being collected on its sales, that should be reported as income and Member States should have an opportunity to give their views on the practice.

While this method does indeed increase total revenue, the economic effect of limiting tax expenditures is the same as it is under any other method of cutting spending on those programs. But the Republicans opposition to anything that raises revenue means that this key to breaking the budget stalemate won t be implemented.

33. A further concern is the decline in tax revenues forecast for 1999, owing to the repeal of the Act on a Single Property Tax, tariff reductions, the ending of the commercial and agricultural enterprise tax, which is expected to occur in mid 1999, and the planned cut in income tax rates.

Capital tax differences among countries would induce capital to flow from the high tax to the low tax economies.

Domestically, however, a certain sense of confidence has re emerged, and, in the last few months, there has been a significant increase in the tax yield, the result of greater strictness in the collection of customs duties and taxes.

It has lower taxes.