This is cultures, identical cultures, of cervical cancer cells.

In the lab, we micro pattern channels in the biomaterials on which we grow the cells, and this allows us to flow the cell culture media, the cells' food, through the scaffolds where we're growing the cells a lot like what you might expect from a capillary bed in the heart.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

The cells are kind of homesick the dish doesn't feel like their home.

You have tissue culture cells. There are a ton of viruses.

We then tease the cells apart, we grow the cells outside the body.

And that is, in fact, what these particular cell cultures are chronically infected with.

What we see are, first of all, a very active culture, a lot of divisions, and then very clear nuclei once the cells have separated.

We observe the cells in a plate, and they're just on the surface.

We could not get enough of your cells to grow outside of your body.

And we feed them sterilely of course with what we call cell culture media which is like their food and we grow them in incubators.

We copy this in the lab by outfitting cell culture systems with electrodes.

And for this purpose, traditional cell culture techniques just really aren't enough.

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

This is a stem cell that we've developed here in Oxford, from an embryonic stem cell.

These are stem cells that we create from specific sources, and we can drive them to become heart cells, and they start beating in culture.

And so what we did is, we take tissue culture cells and infect them with various viruses, and we take the stuff and fluorescently label the nucleic acid, the genetic material that comes out of these tissue culture cells mostly viral stuff and stick it on the array to see where it sticks.

We grow the cells outside the body in large quantities.

There's another thing, which is you've got to get these genes into cells.

In order to preserve the human species, it would be preferable surely to use gene therapy with caution, restricting it to somatic cells (body cells excluding germ cells), to the exclusion of germ cells (i.e. the cells used for sexual reproduction).

There's all these elegant work in the tissue culture dishes, that if you give this cancer drug, you can do this effect to the cell, but the doses in those dishes are nowhere near the doses that happen in the body.

It turns out, the DNA in the bacterial cell was actually methylated, and the methylation protects it from the restriction enzyme, from digesting the DNA.

Well basically that means that this protein is changing from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

And let me tell you what it's like to grow these cells in the lab.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

Many scientists can now grow many different types of cells.

What we did is, we took tissue culture cells and infected them with adenovirus, and you can see this little yellow barcode next to adenovirus.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

To understand how the bacteria affected the immune system, the researchers grew L. reuteri in liquid and then transferred small amounts of the liquid without bacteria to immature immune cells isolated from mice.

David Bolinsky animates a cell

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

Basically, a human body is a conversation going on, both within the cells and between the cells, and they're telling each other to grow and to die, and when you're sick, something's gone wrong with that conversation.

Each cell in the body contains DNA, which is responsible for producing the proteins that are necessary for a cell s functioning. Though all cells in the body have the same DNA, only a subset of the genes encoded by the DNA is expressed in each cell type, thus accounting for the difference between, say, a skin cell, a liver cell, and a brain cell.

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.