So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.

They either pop the bacterial membrane, they make the bacterium so it can't replicate its DNA.

We think bacteria made the rules for how multicellular organization works.

Of course what that allows bacteria to do is to be multicellular.

We're here today to announce the first synthetic cell, a cell made by starting with the digital code in the computer, building the chromosome from four bottles of chemicals, assembling that chromosome in yeast, transplanting it into a recipient bacterial cell and transforming that cell into a new bacterial species.

It turns out, the DNA in the bacterial cell was actually methylated, and the methylation protects it from the restriction enzyme, from digesting the DNA.

Here, this cloaked, secret agent virus is slipping his DNA into the bacterial cell, but here's the kicker It doesn't do anything harmful not at first.

Already what were thought to be bacteria for generations have been found to compose, instead, two great domains of microorganisms true bacteria and one celled organisms the archaea, which are closer than other bacteria to the eukaryota, the group that we belong to.

And the bacterium needs tryptophan one of the building blocks of proteins to trigger the cells' appearance.

And in fact, the smallest unit of matter that can evolve independently is, in fact, a single cell a bacteria.

But when the bacteria grow and double and they're all participating in making these molecules, the molecule the extracellular amount of that molecule increases in proportion to cell number.

From the dust, we pulled out bacterial cells, broke them open, and compared their gene sequences.

Mice reared in a sterile environment so they lacked a gut microbiome and do not develop this kind of immune cell were given L. reuteri and the immune cells arose.

The largest organism on the planet is a mycelial mat, one cell wall thick.

To understand how the bacteria affected the immune system, the researchers grew L. reuteri in liquid and then transferred small amounts of the liquid without bacteria to immature immune cells isolated from mice.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

In experiments it was found a kind of tolerance promoting immune cell appears in mice that carry a specific bacterium in their guts.

Remember you have these 10 times or more bacterial cells in you or on you, keeping you healthy.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

A staph cell can be next to a muscle cell in your body and borrow genes from it when antibiotics come, and change and mutate.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

We think, by studying bacteria, we're going to be able to have insight about multicellularity in the human body.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

And along comes pneumococcus or another bacteria, streptococcus and boom, they get a bacterial pneumonia.

The guts of the mice were DNA sequenced and it was found six bacterial species present in the mice with the immune cells but absent from the mice without them.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

And the bacteria also have a receptor on their cell surface that fits like a lock and key with that molecule.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

In order to preserve the human species, it would be preferable surely to use gene therapy with caution, restricting it to somatic cells (body cells excluding germ cells), to the exclusion of germ cells (i.e. the cells used for sexual reproduction).

A virus grabbed onto a bacterium and it slipped its DNA into it.

We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death, and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.