Your pancreas makes insulin to bring it back down, which is good.

Now you've all heard of at least insulin.

This is a typical insulin injection.

The daf 2 hormone receptor is very similar to the receptor for the hormone insulin and IGF 1.

I'll start with insulin, diabetes medication in the U.S.

This is a pen, it's called an insulin pen, preloaded.

But insulin accelerates the conversion of calories into fat.

And we do OK. Insulin's a pretty good therapy.

Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients into your tissues after you eat a meal.

Adherence rates. How many people are taking their insulin every day?

And the reason is that these hormones, like the insulin and the IGF hormones and the TOR pathway, they're essential.

We discussed, in the prior film, some of the old things that we did, like stents and insulin pumps for the diabetic.

Once you're insulin resistant, you're on your way to getting diabetes, which is what happens when your pancreas can't keep up with the resistance and make enough insulin.

There's one called TOR, which is another nutrient sensor, like the insulin pathway.

They put tens of thousands of these in the blood cell they tried this in rats it lets insulin out in a controlled fashion, and actually cures type 1 diabetes.

A generous contribution of human insulin from a United States corporation channelled through a non governmental organization helped the Agency to meet its requirements for treatment of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus Agency wide in 1997 and 1998.

And also, there are other ways of activating FOXO that don't even involve insulin or IGF 1 that might even be safer.

And insulin resistance, as its name suggests, is when your cells get increasingly resistant to the effect of insulin trying to do its job.

Avandia, which debuted in 1999, is an insulin sensitizer , used for treating Type 2 diabetes.

On Medicaid if you're fairly poor you get Medicaid, or if you have health insurance insulin is pretty straightforward.

So now, when insulin says to a cell,

This means that 40 or 45 percent of all school aged children could be insulin dependent within a decade. Within a decade.

I had become insulin resistant.

Well we think that insulin and IGF 1 hormones are hormones that are particularly active under favorable conditions in the good times when food is plentiful and there's not a lot of stress in the environment.

More importantly, I don't have insulin resistance.

And it has to do with too much brain serotonin during development, which is kind of interesting because serotonin is supposed to make you calm and relaxed.

And indeed, what these drugs do is raise levels of serotonin.

Meanwhile, our gatherer ancestors ate carbohydrates (polymers of glucose), which was also transported to the liver, via the glycolytic pathway, and broken down for energy. Any excess glucose stimulated the pancreas to release insulin, which transported glucose into peripheral fat tissue, and which also caused the liver to store glucose as glycogen (liver starch).

What if obesity isn't the cause of insulin resistance at all?

And what was remarkable about it was in the past when we think of chemical messengers within the body, we thought of complicated things like estrogen and insulin, or nerve transmission.

Now failure to produce enough insulin is incompatible with life.

We know that 30 million obese Americans in the United States don't have insulin resistance.

Now, we know that refined grains and starches elevate your blood sugar in the short run, and there's even reason to believe that sugar may lead to insulin resistance directly.

And by raising levels of serotonin, you suppress the dopamine circuit.

Have you been keeping up a normal diet since the last shot of insulin?

So if you can be obese and not have insulin resistance, and you can be lean and have it, this suggests that obesity may just be a proxy for what's going on.

I became almost maniacally obsessed in trying to understand the real relationship between obesity and insulin resistance.

Now, most researchers believe obesity is the cause of insulin resistance.

I thought to myself, why not take the individual cells out of the pancreas the cells that secrete insulin to cure diabetes and transplant these cells? technically a much simpler procedure than having to grapple with the complexities of transplanting a whole organ.

And I have concocted a questionnaire to see to what degree you express dopamine, serotonin, estrogen and testosterone.

When we become insulin resistant, the homeostasis in that balance deviates from this state.

One little software program, called the fat insulin receptor gene, basically says, Hold onto every calorie, because the next hunting season may not work out so well.

But she did find heme, which is the biological foundation of hemoglobin.

Among the donations received were a one year supply of the Agency apos s requirements for human insulin to treat diabetes in all five fields, and a donation of computer equipment for vocational training centres.

So what I'm suggesting is maybe we have the cause and effect wrong on obesity and insulin resistance.