There are 10 million people in the U.S.

Here you have a retina.

It'll just bake your retinas.

So there it is the retinas are baking.

So from the retina you go onto visual cortex.

And then the transducer then makes the output cells send the code on up to the brain, and the result is a retinal prosthetic that can produce normal retinal output.

The retina chip extracts four different kinds of information.

On the right side, my retina is perfectly symmetrical.

And the retina, of course, is a complex structure.

I was wondering about your eye.

And the other thing is they're working on artificial retinas for the blind.

So this is how close your mental experience and the activity of the neurons in the retina, which is a part of the brain located in the eyeball, or, for that matter, a sheet of visual cortex.

The retina chip that we designed sits behind this lens here.

So you have an image, a retina, and a brain.

We've just abstracted what the retina's doing with a set of equations.

This is high frequency laser, and it's enough with a fraction of a second to destroy the retina completely.

But when it's moving back and forth, the retina picks up these changes.

In other words, we're not literally replacing the components of the retina.

Completely different meanings, giving rise to the exact same retinal information.

And yet it's only the retinal information that we get.

And of course, the brain adds on a lot of information to what is going on in the signals that come from the retina.

So when you look at something, like this image of this baby's face, it goes into your eye and it lands on your retina, on the front end cells here, the photoreceptors.

Artificial retinas, the ability to put these arrays on the back of the eyeball and allow the blind to see.

She suffered a detached retina and had to be operated on several times, and was left with a 45 per cent decrease in vision in the injured eye.

Can we reconstruct what the retina was seeing from the responses from the firing patterns?

So what we did is we took a moment in time from these recordings and asked, what was the retina seeing at that moment?

On the following day, 3 August 1993, she was operated on, for a detached retina, at the General University Hospital.

Once you accept the phenomenon of the duration of light in the human retina...

But on my left retina there is a bump, which is marked there by the red arrow.

The judge considered that neither the blow from the lemon nor the consequence of a detached retina had been proved.

When this first came out, it was just a really exciting thing, the idea that you even make a blind retina respond at all.

If I scan my retina through the horizontal plane that you see there in the little corner, what I get is the following.

So on the left is the encoder alone, and on the right is from an actual blind retina, so the encoder and the transducer.

Light enters, hits the back of the retina, and is circulated, most of which is streamed to the very back of the brain, at the primary visual cortex.

So just the same way that we were able to jump over the damaged circuitry in the retina to get to the retina's output cells, we can jump over the damaged circuitry in the cochlea to get the auditory nerve, or jump over damaged areas in the cortex, in the motor cortex, to bridge the gap produced by a stroke.

Heart disease, stroke, diabetes, spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy, retinal eye diseases are any of these conditions relevant, personally, to you?

What you notice here is that these snapshots taken from the output of the retina chip are very sparse, right?

A small number of babies who collapse and die unexpectedly in their first year are found to have one or more of the following three symptoms in common bleeding just outside the brain (subdural hemorrhage) bleeding at the back of the eye (retinal hemorrhage) and brain swelling.

And the chip I'm going to show you a video that the silicon retina put out of its output when it was looking at Kareem Zaghloul, who's the student who designed this chip.

In many forms of blindness, like retinitis pigmentosa, or macular degeneration, the photoreceptor cells have atrophied or been destroyed.

My father died of a subarachnoid hemorrhage when I was fourteen.

and many more worldwide who are blind or are facing blindness due to diseases of the retina, diseases like macular degeneration, and there's little that can be done for them.

So these molecules are called channelrhodopsins.

And she told me the nurses hadn't mentioned this that she was blind, that she had been completely blind from macular degeneration for five years.

Stem cell derived retinal transplants, now in a research phase, may one day restore vision, or part vision, to millions of patients with retinal diseases worldwide.