Manganese

Wolframite

Wolframite occurs with cassiterite.

21. Potassium permanganate seizures, 1990 1994 17

Some cassiterite exports also include wolframite.

You know, the American manganese heir.

I'm sorry to keep you waiting but this brother of yours jumps around like a grasshopper.

They take iron and manganese minerals within the bedrock and they oxidize them.

The Board had also included manganese dioxide in the list of controlled chemicals.

Potassium permanganate is used in the illicit manufacture of cocaine from coca paste.

B. Prospecting and exploration for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts deposits in the Area

Summary of gold, cassiterite and wolframite comptoirs approved by the Ministry of Mines

Draft regulations on prospecting and exploration for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts in the Area

While polymetallic nodules are rich in nickel, copper, cobalt and manganese, polymetallic sulphides are rich in copper, zinc, silver and gold.

Manganese, coal, gold, oil, atomic minerals and other assets at risk of foreign exploitation.

One advantage to having potassium permanganate under international control is that there are no available precursors of potassium permanganate, and the potential substitutes, such as hydrogen peroxide or even household bleach, while readily available, are less efficient. Figure 21. Potassium permanganate seizures, 1990 1994

The immediate priority for the Authority is the development of a regulatory regime for prospecting and exploration of polymetallic sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts.

With the exception of available manganese iron ratio data, the contractors did not agree to authorize the Authority to make use of nodule abundance and metal content data from their contract areas.

The objective of this set of Regulations is to provide for prospecting and exploration for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts.

Furthermore, it was recognized that the two resources, polymetallic sulphides and cobalt rich ferromangnanese crusts, were fundamentally different resources and as a consequence different provisions were required to regulate each.

At its 93rd meeting, on 2 June 2004, the Council took up the draft regulations on prospecting and exploration for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts contained in document ISBA 10 C WP.1.

Meanwhile, the Legal and Technical Commission is expected to begin its consideration of environmental guidelines for future exploration contractors for deposits of sea floor massive sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts in the Area on the basis of the recommendations of the September 2004 workshop.

The draft text deals with the prospecting and exploration for polymetallic nodules, one of three types of minerals to be found in the Area, having economically attractive metal contents of copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese.

During the tenth session, the Legal and Technical Commission considered the draft regulations on prospecting and exploration for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts in the Area, as contained in document ISBA 10 LTC WP.1, dated 30 January 2004.

To address these requirements the Commission devoted 9 out of 43 regulations of the draft regulations on prospecting and exploration for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts to the protection and preservation of the marine environment.

83. Also notes the potential for cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts and polymetallic sulphides as important sources of minerals, and in this context encourages States, the Authority and the scientific community to cooperate to explore this potential and to minimize the environmental impacts of the exploration

(b) cobalt crusts means hydroxide oxide deposits of cobalt rich iron manganese (ferromanganese) crust formed from direct precipitation of minerals from seawater onto hard substrates containing minor but significant concentrations of cobalt, titanium, nickel, platinum, molybdenum, tellurium, cerium, other metallic and rare earth elements

For example, the Colombian authorities were issuing authorizations for individual transactions of butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, hexane solvent no. 1 and 2, chloroform, methanol, diacetone alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, butanol thinner, sodium carbonate, ammonia and manganese dioxide.

With regard to Operation Purple and Operation Topaz, the international initiatives for tracking shipments of potassium permanganate and acetic anhydride, the Commission noted that the monitoring of international trade in those substances, as a result of participating countries providing and responding to pre export notifications, had continued to function well.

Mexico considers it important that the draft regulations for prospecting and exploration for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts now being negotiated in the International Seabed Authority reflect the principles of contemporary international law, in particular international environmental law, with the aim of establishing an objective regime of liability for damage to the marine environment of the Area.

It is expected that another workshop will be convened before the end of the 2005 2007 work programme to standardize the environmental data and information required under the regulations for polymetallic sulphides and cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts and in the guidelines for the establishment of baselines for these two types of mineral resources.

The practice allows for the export of some precursors to certain destinations covered only by open authorization the export of seven Table II substances (i.e. acetone, ethyl ether, hydrochloric acid, methyl ethyl ketone, potassium permanganate, sulphuric acid and toluene) to non sensitive destinations requires no export authorization.

It will focus on the distribution of potential commercial deposits of cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts in the Area, the conditions leading to the formation of such deposits, an assessment of the patterns of diversity, endemism and scales of seamount faunas, and the factors that appear to drive those patterns.

But evidence also suggests that some Neanderthals buried their dead with grave goods (items presumably intended to help the deceased in the afterlife), produced complex tools (such as stone armatures mounted with mastics), and developed personal symbols (including manganese oxide pigments and pendants made from animal teeth). They apparently also used plants with medicinal properties.

Regular exchange of information between exporting, importing and transit States, and with the International Narcotics Control Board, on exports of precursors before they take place, including, in particular, the provision by exporting States of some form of pre export notification to the competent authorities in importing countries for all transactions involving the substances listed in Table I, and for acetic anhydride and potassium permanganate in Table II, of the 1988 Convention.

In the recent past, instability (as measured by average deviations from trend) has been particularly pronounced for many across the whole spectrum of commodities, in particular coffee and cocoa among the tropical beverages sugar among food many vegetable oils wool, jute, hides and skins rubber among the agricultural raw materials and nickel, manganese ore, zinc, aluminium and copper among the minerals, ores and metals.

In addition, the action plan called for expanding the application of measures related to information exchange, measures similar to those already existing for substances in Table I of the 1988 Convention, to include acetic anhydride and potassium permanganate, two substances in Table II of the Convention that are critical for the illicit manufacture of heroin and cocaine, respectively.

The Repository will facilitate the dissemination of the results of marine scientific research relevant to the future commercialization of deposits of polymetallic nodules, cobalt rich ferromanganese crusts, seafloor massive sulphides and gas hydrates. The website of the Authority will provide members of the Authority, the scientific community, prospectors and potential applicants for plans of work for exploration with relevant information on

Cameroon is expected to attract 10 billion over the next few years to develop some of the most promising new mineral reserves in the region, while Equatorial Guinea is pushing infrastructure development. Elsewhere, BHP Billiton announced the discovery of an estimated 60 million tons of manganese in southeastern Gabon, while France s AREVA is drawing up plans to build a large mine in the Central African Republic to exploit uranium deposits.