In the food retail business, there has been an impressive expansion of supermarket chains.

In Chile, for example, the top four chains already represent 46 per cent of total national grocery retailing, and in Latin America as a whole, on average the top five chains represent 65 per cent of total sales.

The Perekriostok group, the Russian Federation's leading supermarket chain, has emerged in these conditions to become the fifth largest retailer in Europe and the ninth in the world in terms of retail sales.

There, the family founded Westco Jeans and grew it into a chain of 160 retail outlets.

Five large foreign retail chains are operating in the Vietnamese market at present, while many others are waiting for approval.

The presence of large chains in the retail market is usually conducive to the improvement of local worker skills, especially in logistics.

Food for Revolution

The debate around opening the retail sector to foreign investment is currently being framed, on the one hand, by the need to modernize supply chains and, on the other hand, by the desire to protect small shopkeepers livelihoods. Those who support the decision argue that India s supply chains are simply too wasteful, and that only the finance and knowhow of big, international retail chains can upgrade them.

Foreign expansion of retailers has been mostly through acquisitions of domestic chains in other countries, some greenfield investment, and joint ventures with local companies.

Global marketing chains, clusters, networks as channels for diversification

Under this arrangement, Monkhangai will raise funds to support country programme activities, donating 1 per cent of its net profits earned from operations at its multi chain retail and wholesale stores in Ulaanbaatar.

This process has led to a concentration of sales, with large firms and chains dominating the market.

The share of supermarket chains in grocery retail is currently around 33 per cent in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand and around 63 per cent in the Republic of Korea, Taiwan (China) and the Philippines.

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

The retailing sector has been witnessing increasing competition and concentration, mainly through the establishment and expansion of chain stores emphasis on large stores the increasing use of technology and growing internationalization of the whole supply chain.

The most recent venue for supermarket take off is Africa, especially Eastern and Southern Africa in South Africa, supermarket chains represents 55 per cent of total national groceries sales, while in Nigeria they still account for only 5 per cent.

Retail trade 353

They watched in horror as Amazon, en route to becoming the world s largest online retailer, pushed the bookstore chain Borders into bankruptcy, and have wondered if they will be next. The American discount retailer Walmart, reportedly concerned that it is cannibalizing its own sales, has gone so far as to stop selling Amazon s Kindle tablets.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Retail fuel dealers

Wholesale and retail trade

27. Retail and wholesale

The Euro Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREP) is a European based trade organization for retailers.

He wanted to create a franchise, a mechanism of delivery of eye care with the efficiency of McDonald's.

Growing use by retailers of own brands and discount retailing have also been driving prices down significantly.

With 15 million retail outlets, India has the highest retail outlet density in the world.

Wholesale and retail petrol

Retail trade and repair services

Equally important is the development of the processing, marketing and distribution capacities to ensure the successful positioning of enterprises in market chains.

Significantly broaden distribution via retail and the Internet.

The distribution sector includes commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as enablers of trade.

The informal retailing sector will have a role to play once markets are opened and formal retailing expands.

There were no restaurant chains.

Block all the streets leading out!

In particular, online retail sales of physical goods amounted to approximately RMB5.08 trillion, while online retail sales of services amounted to nearly RMB1.49 trillion.

In Europe, for example, on line retailing accounts for 2 per cent of total grocery sales, but it is growing by 50 per cent annually.

Magical new retail

China s E Tail Revolution

The retail sector is characterized by economies of scale and scope as well as vertical integration and the existence of large retail chains.

Retailers are able to access and tap different cost structures in different countries and are becoming global.

Informal retailers could become the suppliers or the customers of formal retailers, or their franchises.

The process of opening the retail sector in China began in 1992 when foreign investment was allowed in retailing on a trial basis.

Retailers are distributors selling to end consumers.

Networks of private businesses clusters and linkages