Thomas L. Duvall (Goddard Space Flight Center), Stuart Jeffries (Bartol), Jack W. Harvey (National Solar Observatory, Tucson) and Martin A. Pomerantz (Bartol) have shown that it is also possible to obtain direct measurements of the travel times and distances of individual acoustic (sound like) waves, which is the predominant approach in terrestrial seismology.

CALGARY When Harvey Cushing and William Bovie introduced electrocautery (which uses a high frequency current to seal blood vessels or make incisions) in 1926, their innovation transformed neurosurgery. Given the precision required to operate on an organ as delicate as the brain, the convergence of mechanical technologies with the art of surgery catalyzed progress in the field.

A study published in 2005 by economists Geert Bekaert, Campbell Harvey, and Christian Lundblad found that when countries liberalize their stock markets, allowing them to operate freely without government intervention, economic growth rises by an average of one percentage point annually. The higher growth tends to be associated with an investment boom, which in turn seems to be propelled by the lower cost of capital for firms.