Roberts, Environmental Issues in International Armed Conflict, in R. J. Grunawalt et al., Protection of the Environment During Armed Conflict 222 (1996).

Silja Vöneky, The Applicability of Peacetime Environmental Law in International Armed Conflicts 193 211 (dealing with effect of armed conflict on treaties generally), 312 545 (dealing specifically with the effect of armed conflict on environmental treaties), 546 579 (extensive bibliography) and 543 546 (English summary) (Springer 2001).

Antonio Cassese, A Tentative Appraisal of the Old and the New Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict, in The New Humanitarian Law of Armed Conflict 461, 461 62 (Antonio Cassese, ed.

International Organizations, armed interventions and human rights, Doctorate thesis, Geneva, 1995.

Richard Tarasofsky, Legal Protection of the Environment during International Armed Conflict, 24 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 17, 62 (1993).

Armed interventions in Iraq, Somalia and Liberia Advanced University degree thesis, Geneva, 1992.

Michael N. Schmitt, Green War An Assessment of the Environmental Law of International Armed Conflict, 22 Yale Journal of International Law 1, 37 41 (1997) (describing the applicability of peacetime environmental treaties during armed conflict, favouring the theory of differentiation contextualizing treaty obligations within the armed conflict and asking whether continued vitality of the treaty is consistent with the larger context in which the agreement will operate ).

And your onearmed bandits crashin'

Richard Tarasofsky, Legal Protection of the Environment during International Armed Conflict, 24 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 17 (1993).

For additional uses of the doctrine during armed conflict, see Rank, supra at 338 339 n.

Vol. 5, pp. 784, 794 96 (1959) (describing the effect of armed conflict on treaties as a part of rebus sic stantibus).

Benedetto Conforti and Angelo Labella, Invalidity and Termination of Treaties The Role of National Courts, 1 European Journal of International Law 44, 57 58 (1990) (discussing the effect of armed conflict as a subset of the rebus sic stantibus doctrine). See ibid., 57 n. 39 for an extensive list of cases in national courts dealing with the effect of armed conflict on treaties.

L. Lijnzaad and G. J. Tanja, Protection of Environment in Times of Armed Conflict The Iraq Kuwait War, 40 Netherlands International Law Review 169 (1993).

Michael Bothe, The Protection of the Environment in Times of Armed Conflict Legal Rules, Uncertainty, Deficiencies and Possible Developments, 34 German Yearbook of International Law 54 (1991).

Vol. 68, pp. 181, 183 86 (1997) (analysing the effect of armed conflict on environmental treaties and the International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on nuclear weapons).

Lotta Harbom and Peter Wallensteen, Armed Conflict and its International Dimensions, 1946 2004 , in Journal of Peace Research, vol. 42, No. 5 (pp. 624 and 634).

Stephen P. Marks, Principles and Norms of Human Rights Applicable in Emergency Situations Underdevelopment, Catastrophes and Armed Conflicts, in 1 The International Dimensions of Human Rights 175 (1982).

Vol. 10, pp. 487 88 (1994) (reporting Spain's suspension of three visa waiver treaties with countries of the former Yugoslavia at the time of armed conflict in that region).

Vol. 61, pp. 119, 268 71 (1991) (discussing the effect of armed conflict on treaties in the context of Judge Jennings's dissenting opinion in the International Court of Justice Nicaragua case).

Lapidoth, The Reopened Suez Canal in International Law, 4 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce 1 (1976) (discussing the effect of armed conflict on the Constantinople Convention regulating the Suez Canal).

La comunità internazionale tra conflitti armati e necessità di pace (The International Community between Armed Conflicts and Necessity of Peace). Prolusione inaugurale del 432o anno accademico (1993 1994) (Inaugural Lecture) dell'Università di Sassari.

Khadduri, The Closure of the Suez Canal to Israeli Shipping, 33 Journal of Law and Contemporary Problems 147 (1968) (discussing the effect of armed conflict on the Constantinople Convention regulating the Suez Canal).

See Mikael Eriksson and Peter Wallensteen, Armed conflict, 1989 2003 , in Journal of Peace Research, vol. 41, No. 5, 2004, pp. 625 636, for a list of States with active conflicts in 2003.

Gross, Passage Through the Suez Canal of Israel Bound Cargo and Israel Ships, 51 American Journal of International Law 530 (1957) (discussing the effect of armed conflict on the Constantinople Convention regulating the Suez Canal).

Bengt Broms, Preliminary Report to the Fifth Commission The Effects of Armed Conflicts on Treaties, 59(1) Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international, 224, 227 (1981) (citing D. P. O'Connell, International Law, v. 1, at 268 (1970)).

Yoram Dinstein, The Reform of the Protection of Human Rights During Armed Conflicts and Periods of Emergency and Crisis, in The reform of international institutions for the protection of human rights first international colloquium on human rights 337 (1993).

Stuart Hull McIntyre, Legal Effect of World War II on Treaties of the United States (1958) (claims to be the first full treatment of the effect of a particular armed conflict on all the treaties of a particular country).

16. quot The use of armed force by the United Nations in the travaux préparatoires quot , 5 Indian Journal of International Law (1965), pp. 305 333 also published in 4 Canadian Yearbook of International Law (1966), pp. 81 101.

Alexandre Charles Kiss, L'extinction des traités dans la pratique française, 5 Annuaire français de droit international 784, 794 796 (1959) (discussing the effect of armed conflict on treaties in French practice as a subset of the rebus sic stantibus doctrine).

Ibid. (citing Richard R. Baxter, Some Existing Problems of Humanitarian Law, in The Concept of International Armed Conflict Further Outlook 1, 2 (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Humanitarian Law, Brussels (1974)).

See, e.g., Law and Civil War in the Modern World (J. N. Moore, ed. 1974) K. Suter, An International Law of Guerrilla Warfare (1984) Draper, Humanitarian Law and Internal Armed Conflicts, 13 Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law 253 (1983).

Vol. 96, pp. 279, 305 (arbitral tribunal decision between a private company and the Republic of Burundi citing the IDI resolution to argue that because armed conflict does not ipso facto terminate or suspend treaties, then the mere severance of diplomatic relations should not affect treaties either).

Judge R. St. J. Macdonald, Derogations under Article 15 of the European Convention on Human Rights, 36 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 225 (1997) (describing the operation of the derogation clause of the European Convention, which determines the effect of armed conflict on the convention, among other emergencies).

Georg Schwarzenberger, International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals 71 74 (1968) (discussing the dissenting opinion in the North Atlantic Coast Fisheries case of 1910 before the Permanent Court of International Justice, arguing that commerce and communications treaties inconsistent with the duties of national defence or neutrality would be terminated by armed conflict).

Effects of Armed Conflict on Treaties, Study by the Institut de droit international, 59(1) Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international 201 84 (1981) 59(2) Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international 175 245 (1981) 61(1) Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international 1 27 (1985) 61(2) Annuaire de l'Institut de droit international 199 255 (1985).

The impact and implications of the construction of male sexuality on women, violence against women and women's sexual and bodily autonomy was discussed, noting that the construction of male sexuality makes women particularly vulnerable to violence. Sexuality and violence against women was examined in light of growing fundamentalisms, militarization and situations of armed conflict and the rise of neo liberal globalization in the region.

BOGOTÁ The Framework Agreement for the End of the Armed Conflict in Colombia that has just been announced by President Juan Manuel Santos is a historic landmark for his country and all of Latin America. It is also a tribute to diplomatic resourcefulness and negotiating skill.

The International Court of Justice has stated There is no doubt that, in the event of international armed conflicts the rules articulated in common article 3 constitute a minimum yardstick and they are rules which, in the Court's opinion, reflect what the court in 1949 called elemental considerations of humanity'. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States), Judgement on the Merits, I.C.J. Reports, 1986, p. 14, at para.

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia Latin America s oldest guerilla group formed alliances with narcotics cartels. Some Taliban groups in Afghanistan and elsewhere developed close ties with transnational Al Qaeda terrorists.

Even if the US managed to get Russia to the negotiating table, convincing it to accept sizable cuts in its TNWs arsenal could require the US to fulfill additional demands, such as limiting NATO s military concentrations and facilities near Russia s periphery and resurrecting the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe on the Kremlin s terms.Moreover, Russian leaders demand that other nuclear armed states accept comparable limits on their TNWs stocks.

Conspicuously, Latin America s last Marxist insurgent group, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC), declared a unilateral cease fire just hours after the announcement that the US and Cuba would restore diplomatic ties. Over the last two years, Cuba has hosted peace negotiations between FARC and the Colombian government, with full US support.