3 See, for instance, E CN.4 Sub.2 1999 27, para. 61.

If obj is an object, returns the name of the parent class of the class of which obj is an instance.

见, for instance, Veena Jha, Tanuka Endow and James Nedumpara Dealing with trade distortions in steel , UNCTAD DITC COM 2004 4.

5 See, for instance, E CN.4 Sub.2 2004 40, para. 10, and E CN.4 Sub.2 1997 28, para. 19.

This function returns the name of the class of which the object obj is an instance. Returns FALSE if obj is not an object.

If start is non negative, the returned string will start at the start'th position in string, counting from zero. For instance, in the string 'abcdef', the character at position 0 is 'a', the character at position 2 is 'c', and so forth.

This function returns an associative array of defined object properties for the specified object obj. If variables declared in the class of which the obj is an instance, have not been assigned a value, those will not be returned in the array.

Akdivar and Others v. Turkey, ECHR, 21893 93, judgement of 16 September 1996, paras. 55 77 in the oral hearing before the Court, a representative of the Government suggested that for the Court to accept the case would make it the court of first instance for south east Turkey.

An Association is a composition of independently constructed and externally visible parts. When we associate classes or objects, each one keeps a reference to the ones it is associated with. When we associate classes statically, one class will contain a reference to an instance of the other class. For example