Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (hereinafter ICJ, 9 July 2004 Advisory Opinion).

ICJ, 9 July 2004 Advisory Opinion, op. cit. at note 33, para.

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226, at p. 240.

Vol. 68, pp. 181, 183 86 (1997) (analysing the effect of armed conflict on environmental treaties and the International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on nuclear weapons).

Vol. 61, pp. 119, 268 71 (1991) (discussing the effect of armed conflict on treaties in the context of Judge Jennings's dissenting opinion in the International Court of Justice Nicaragua case).

See IACtHR, Advisory Opinion OC 9 87, Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency (articles 27 (2), 25 and 8 of the American Convention on Human Rights), 6 October 1987, Series A No. 9, para. 31.

Opinion of Acting Attorney General Francis Biddle on Suspension of the International Load Line Convention, 40 Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States advising the President and Heads of Departments in Relation to their Official Duties 119 24 (John T. Fowler, ed., 1949).

Opinion of Acting Attorney General Francis Biddle on Suspension of the International Load Line Convention, 40 Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States Advising the President and Heads of Departments in Relation to their Official Duties 119 24 (John T. Fowler, ed., 1949).

For an additional discussion of the opinion, see Edda Kristjansdottir, Note The Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons Under Current International Law The Arguments Behind the World Court's Opinion, 30 New York University Journal of International Law and Policy 291 (1997 98).

Georg Schwarzenberger, International Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals 71 74 (1968) (discussing the dissenting opinion in the North Atlantic Coast Fisheries case of 1910 before the Permanent Court of International Justice, arguing that commerce and communications treaties inconsistent with the duties of national defence or neutrality would be terminated by armed conflict).

The International Court of Justice has stated There is no doubt that, in the event of international armed conflicts the rules articulated in common article 3 constitute a minimum yardstick and they are rules which, in the Court's opinion, reflect what the court in 1949 called elemental considerations of humanity'. Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States), Judgement on the Merits, I.C.J. Reports, 1986, p. 14, at para.

Since a number of the contracting states have been overrun by military power, and normal international procedures, so far as here pertinent, are no longer available but are submerged in the swiftly changing condition inherent in the world situation, the procedure by prior notification and consent preferred by some of the authorities need not be followed. Opinion of Acting Attorney General Francis Biddle on Suspension of the International Load Line Convention, supra note 439, at 123.

Debates within eurozone member states typically converge on what legal scholars call herrschende Meinung ( dominant opinion ), which, in turn, appears to reflect their countries status as creditors or debtors. Reinforcing this, the typical career conscious economist has little incentive to deviate.