As a result of the suspension of transfer of cryogenic technology by Glavkosmos of the Russian Federation, India is developing its own cryogenic stage.

The first few flights of GSLV will, however, use the cryogenic stage supplied by Glavkosmos.

Substantial progress has also been made in the development of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV, including its cryogenic upper stage.

Under the Ariane 5 Evolution programme, SEP won a contract to develop the Mark 2 Vulcan engine, developed from the current cryogenic engine.

Moreover, the Vulcan cryogenic engine designed for the second Ariane 5 flight has been delivered, along with the nozzles for the solid propergol engines.

The development trials on the Vulcain cryogenic engine are being pushed ahead in order to ensure the qualification of that essential part of the launcher without delay.

SEP has also delivered to Pratt and Whitney the first carbon carbon divergent nozzle intended for the RL10 cryogenic engine and the tests in 1997 were highly satisfactory.

SEP has continued to cooperate in the matter of the cryogenic engine with the Russian company CADB, as well as continuing its work on plasma propulsion for satellites.

Now, the reason we were able to come up with this is two key ideas One is that this is similar to a cryogenic Dewar, something you'd keep liquid nitrogen or liquid helium in.

6.2.2.1.4 The following standard applies for the design, construction and initial inspection and test of UN cryogenic receptacles, except that inspection requirements related to the conformity assessment system and approval shall be in accordance with 6.2.2.5

In this capacity, it is conducting studies and tests on systems and building the first and third stages of Ariane 4, as well as the principal cryogenic stage and the power acceleration stages of Ariane 5.

Aerospatiale is the industrial architect of the Ariane 4 and 5 programmes. It carries out the research and system testing. It also builds the first and third stages of Ariane 4 and the main cryogenic stage and solid booster stages of Ariane 5, and carries out the mission analyses for each launch, provides flight programmes and analyses the flight data.