It's not being imposed by fiat from above.

What the French under General Charles de Gaulle actually did say was that fiat monies should be jettisoned in favor of the gold standard. The US would then be subject to tighter policy discipline.

But in a labor strong society, dominant shareholders those with the most to lose if expansion goes awry have reason to keep managers on a short leash. Italy's Fiat illustrates the problem even a conservative government seeks to impede downsizing.

But there is more reshaping to come, again fostered by mutual self interest, rather than by fiat. The Olam and Wilmar joint venture is, in a sense, symptomatic of the combination of assets from across Asia that can catalyze productive change in Africa.

This tradition went back well before paper, or fiat, currencies. For many centuries, even while metallic money circulated, the task of defining units of account livres tournois, marks, gulden, florins, or dollars remained a task of the state (or of those with political power).

Housing policy is typically discussed with blatant disregard for urban transport and the locations where industrial and business zones are authorized. When planners designed Punta Cana the very successful tourist destination in the Dominican Republic or the giant Fiat plant in Betim, Brazil, they forgot to plan for their workers housing.

The link between currencies and gold was irrevocably broken in 1971, when US President Richard Nixon decided to suspend the convertibility of dollars into gold for central banks. We have lived in a purely fiat money system ever since meaning that our money s value is not backed by gold or any other physical item.

Some clubs were financed by industrial corporations in order to promote loyalty among their workers Philips sponsored the Dutch club PSV Eindhoven, for example, while Fiat played the same role for Italy s Juventus. But, regardless of the sponsorship or the location, fans felt close to most of the clubs, as well as to their national teams.

In the letter addressed to the signatories of the Pretoria Agreement prior to the presidential fiat, the Mediator had advised the parties to the Ivorian crisis that the decrees regarding the Ivorian Radio and Television (RTI) having been signed and implemented by the President, there was no longer a need for the passage of the law proposed for the RTI.

One result of this global monetary policy activism has been a rebellion among pseudo economists and market hacks in recent years. This assortment of Austrian economists, radical monetarists, gold bugs, and Bitcoin fanatics has repeatedly warned that such a massive increase in global liquidity would lead to hyperinflation, the US dollar s collapse, sky high gold prices, and the eventual demise of fiat currencies at the hands of digital krypto currency counterparts.

Only an Israel seriously willing to seek security through agreement, not one that wants to impose her security on her neighborhood by fiat, can be partner to an international effort to bring stability to Lebanon and beyond. Of course, some countries, not least the US, would oppose making such a reversal in Israeli policy a condition of creating an international force and consensus in NATO, the EU, or the UN may not be found or, if it were to emerge, Israel might simply refuse to abide.