Another economic game that may not be as well known as the prisoner's dilemma is the ultimatum game, and it's also a very interesting probe of our assumptions about the way people make economic transactions.

Many believe that Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras was responding to an ultimatum from his European partners Accept our demands or leave the euro. The question is why a Greek exit from the euro ( Grexit ) amounted to such a potent threat.

But this would mean returning the army to the center of politics and thus sacrificing the gains from Morsi s imposition last August of greater civilian control. And the army s ultimatum indicates that the military is moving in the direction of a coup.

Although there has been little progress on any of the issues raised in the MLC ultimatum, the rift between Vice President Bemba and President Kabila has subsided, thus allowing for the resumption of meetings of the Council of Ministers and the espace présidentiel.

With all that in mind, this latest move by Turkey s parliament should be seen more as an ultimatum to Iraq s Kurdish Regional Government to expel the Turkish Kurds and an attempt to persuade the US to use its considerable influence there. That s hardball politics, not a declaration of war.

The army has spoken, issuing an ultimatum of its own to Morsi Address the protesters demands or face a military solution to the crisis. As the day ended, Morsi s office declared that it had not been consulted prior to the army s statement, and tens of thousands of the president s supporters demonstrated in several cities simultaneously at midnight.

Qadri issued a 20 day ultimatum to the government in Islamabad to purge the political system of rampant corruption, reconstitute the Election Commission, and appoint a caretaker administration to oversee the upcoming vote. The caretakers, he said, should include technocrats, retired military officers, and judges and could remain in office longer than the constitutionally permitted 90 days.

The third armed rebel group in Darfur, and normally the least active militarily, the National Movement for Reform and Development (NMRD), was also involved in fighting with Government forces in Western Darfur following a Government ultimatum that NMRD withdraw from the Jebel Moon area north of Geneina to areas further north, near Tine on the border with Chad.

Turkey has been given what looks like an ultimatum from the EU Commission open your ports for ships from Cyprus within a month, or you may risk a halt to the EU accession talks now underway. At the same time, the Commission s latest report on Turkey s progress toward accession notes that political reforms have slowed down, further calling into question the country s future EU membership.

Meanwhile, the Germans waited for the French prime minister and president, who had both been visiting Russia (France s ally), to leave St. Petersburg, at which point they rapidly pressed Austria to deliver an ultimatum that they knew the Russians could not accept. The news would arrive while the French leaders were at sea, and would thus find it more difficult to produce an effective and coordinated response.

Second, and much more important, a tacit anti appeasement ultimatum has been issued to the Kremlin additional expansion in Ukraine will lead to much stronger and more painful sanctions. This may or may not work, but the decisions and announcements at least have the merit of existing, thereby demonstrating the willingness of the G 7 and others to uphold principles and values to which Russia is, in theory, also committed.

In early modernity, however, with the systematic expulsion of Muslims from Spain in 1492, and later from lands seized by other colonial empires, hijra acquired a more violent meaning that anticipated its later association with jihad. Following these expulsions most notably by the Spanish and Russian Empires the concept came to signify not only the pressure to migrate, as during Mohammed s lifetime, but also an ultimatum from the state leave or you will be slaughtered.

Its sole response to our legitimate aspirations is to give a generalized and indifferent nod in our direction with respect to social and economic development, with the same paternalistic attitude that characterizes the ideology and practices of powerful States, and a definite sense of ultimatum, as it provides its recommendations on a take it or leave it basis, with arrogance and disdain, giving us orders as to what we must and must not do.