In 1940 Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union and centralised planning was introduced.

Admission to higher education establishments is based on the competition and the results of centralised examinations.

Economies of scale tend to favour uniform approaches in large scale centralised schemes for the restoration of degraded lands.

The collapse of centralised economy and other changes that took place after 1990 influenced the very foundation of vocational education.

Until 1990 all possibilities for upgrading teachers' qualifications were provided by a single centralised institution supervised by the Ministry of Education and Science.

Centralised approaches to protected areas should target sites of national importance and any local opportunity costs of such areas should be compensated in an adequate way.

Vocational education Until the restoration of independence in 1990 1991 the system of establishments and programmes of vocational education developed according to the much centralised policy followed in the Soviet Union.

1.177 Centralised on line loan management information system will have been developed to international standards and customised to meet the different product methodologies, and financial and operational reporting requirements of the programme.

One of the main processes in the transition to the market economy is privatisation, which should be divided into two periods in Latvia decentralised period until 1994, and centralised period when the Privatisation agency was established in 1994.