Although professional associations are crucial in maintaining standards and quality of service, they have often attempted to dampen price competition and restrict new entrants.

Within the strict domain of moral psychology, they do. After all, a psychological telling of the story of our moral development provides no basis for encouraging us to dampen one natural inclination and nurture another.

The deficit in Malaysia, which was 6 per cent of GDP in 1997, is also to be reduced to about 3 per cent of GDP, as fiscal tightening and slower growth will dampen import demand.

Not surprisingly, a catchphrase in economic policy debates nowadays is secular stagnation, the idea that excess savings chronically dampen demand. The economist Robert Gordon has also argued that the world is low on economically productive ideas.

Moreover, the cotton market has continued to suffer from the global overcapacity of the polyester sector, and it can be expected that competition from synthetics will continue to dampen the growth of cotton consumption over the long term.

In 2014, China's capital flows reversed direction, showing substantial net capital outflows. As a result, the overall balance of payments turned negative in the second half of the year, and the PBOC actually intervened to dampen the renminbi's depreciation.

To dampen the additional inflationary pressures implied by a weaker rupee, more aggressive fiscal retrenchment is needed. Even so, a depreciated rupee will increase the burden of repaying foreign debt, and deepen the woes of domestic companies and banks.

Nor is the fact that the PBOC s interventions in the foreign exchange market over the last year have aimed to dampen the renminbi s depreciation, not add to it. Given this, it is facile to blame China s problems on government intervention.

Some economists worry that negative second quarter data will dampen inflation expectations, thereby undermining Abe s plan for boosting growth. Meanwhile, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) is emphasizing the positive outcomes of its monetary policy and is hesitating to continue its expansionary measures.

Musharraf defends the military acquisitions, claiming that they are economically efficient, and angrily dismisses criticism as the ranting of unpatriotic Pakistani pseudo intellectuals. But they are efficient only in the sense that they dampen the threat to Musharraf posed by the military.

The contraction of property and stock markets will undoubtedly dampen US household borrowing and demand, potentially triggering a downward spiral. If protection is sought through tariff and other trade related measures, then the knock on effects could have even more devastating consequences for all.

In this sense, France is paying the price for the lack of continuity, coherence, and appropriate funding given to social development policies over the past 30 years. Although these policies have undoubtedly helped residents of disadvantaged neighborhoods, they have not been sufficiently ambitious to dampen resentment.

High oil prices are set to dampen economic performance in the rest of the world as well, although growth prospects look better than in the US. China s growth continues to astound the world indeed, new GDP data suggest that its economy is 20 larger than previously thought.

Another reason why the Fed should postpone a rate hike is that financial turmoil in emerging markets, particularly China, could have a substantial impact on the global economy, with some clear implications for the US economy. In particular, lower energy and commodity prices are likely to dampen inflationary pressure.

While no individual issue is overwhelming yet, together they could serve to dampen economic activity and the proper functioning of markets. Recall that the Fed s policy bet was that these costs and risks, to use Chairman Ben Bernanke s phrase, would be more than offset by the improvement in the overall economic situation.

In the next few months, it will become clear whether European policymakers can compromise and implement reforms that dampen the threat of a eurozone breakup. Either the EU moves in the direction of a more stable equilibrium of closer integration, or the risk of an unstable and disorderly breakup scenario will rise significantly.

Some countries face the growing risk of near perpetual belt tightening, which would further dampen growth and thus keep debt ratios high. After all, if a country s debt GDP ratio is to decline without austerity, the interest rate that it pays on its debt must be lower than its GDP growth rate.

But a year and a half ago, the government moved aggressively to dampen multiple property purchases raising down payments to 50 for second homes and to 100 for third homes. While that halted much speculative activity, house prices have remained at elevated levels underscoring lingering affordability issues for China s emerging middle class.

They are finding themselves forced to shift their own rhetoric and attitude in order to dampen their defense of policies viewed as pro American or US inspired, and to stiffen their resistance to Washington's demands and desires. In many cases, American demands and desires are contrary to Latin interests, and should be resisted.

While no individual issue is overwhelming yet, together they could serve to dampen economic activity and the proper functioning of markets. Recall that the Fed s policy bet was that these costs and risks, to use Chairman Ben Bernanke s phrase, would be more than offset by the improvement in the overall economic situation.

(4) In 2005, a concerted effort will be made to reach a full complement of staff maternity leave by several staff and a number of retirements, all in 2005, will dampen the effect, but in 2006 and 2007, the Fund is expected to be fully staffed, as reflected in the statistics above.

In these circumstances, every French politician has known for the last 20 years that France has been living with a growing risk that isolated incidents might coalesce into a critical mass of violence. The task of social workers and police, therefore, is to try to resolve quickly and discreetly each particular incident, in order to dampen the revolt.

BUENOS AIRES The tensions between the eurozone s north and south, and the complex and politically costly transfers of money required to dampen the euro crisis, have led many people to think the unthinkable saving Europe s common currency may require that some countries abandon it. Indeed, talk about exiting the euro has intensified, particularly in southern eurozone countries that desperately need to regain competitiveness.

By contrast, if a country attempts to defy its comparative advantage, such as by adopting an import substitution strategy to pursue the development of capital intensive or high tech industries in a capital scarce economy, the government may resort to distortional subsidies and protections that dampen economic performance. In turn, this risks weakening both the government s fiscal position and the economy s external account.

First, capital requirements should be set as a straightforward ratio of common equity to total assets, thereby abandoning all reference to banks own risk management models. The new capital ratio should be raised to 7 10 of total assets in order to dampen risk taking by bankers and minimize the real economic impact of large scale deleveraging following a loss of confidence in the banking system.

At the same time, the US can be cautious about involving Japan in Taiwan issues a neuralgic point for China while encouraging the development of Asian institutions that increase contacts and dampen conflict. This can include the development of the East Asian Summit, revival of the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and the evolution of the current six party talks on North Korea into a permanent Northeast Asia Security Dialogue.

Looking ahead, strong headwinds imply that it will be difficult to achieve better economic performance in the rest of the year. Higher energy prices are reducing real household spending on non energy goods and services weakness in Europe and Asia will hurt America s exports state and local governments are cutting their spending and concerns about higher taxes in 2013 will dampen both business investment and big ticket consumer spending.