16 00 17 15 Roundtable on Federalism (Chair Capistrano)

The Constitution Drafting Committee has also established subcommittees on federalism and human rights.

Québec concluded a bilateral agreement with Canada entitled Asymmetrical Federalism that respects Québec's Jurisdiction .

08 00 16 30 Excursion 2 Brienz Cooperative Federalism to Fight Natural Hazards (Kaimowitz E. Zimmermann Ryter)

Had federalism been introduced in Somalia, for example, when the north south rift emerged, it probably would not have ended up as a failed state. Today, federalism can allow for the orderly management of key Sunni countries, where a unitary state simply is not practical.

The new constitution will enshrine the ideas of any free people in its charter pluralism, democratic rights, federalism, human rights and civil liberties.

In the Court's view, the authors' arguments linguistic duality, multiculturalism, federalism, democracy, constitutionalism and the rule of law and the protection of minorities did not discharge that burden.

Switzerland, with a tradition of federalism and direct democracy, was very sensitive to the rights of minorities and the cohabitation of different cultures free to define themselves, peacefully, as peoples.

The problem is that federalism has become a dirty word in most Sunni countries. And the emergence of new threats has made some governments, most notably Saudi Arabia s, staunchly opposed to change.

In the usual style of the Middle East, disappointed Sunni leaders, unhappy with the constitution, now threaten violence. But federalism is not the reason why Sunni supremacists and Islamists launch deadly attacks.

But this requires acknowledging what the crisis has revealed the eurozone s institutional flaws. Remedying them calls for a minimum of federalism and commensurate democratic legitimacy and thus for greater openness to institutional adaptation.

She indicated that sub State arrangements such as federalism or autonomy could have a twofold advantage in giving assurances of the territorial integrity of existing States and providing for the decentralization of power.

Since the Comprehensive Peace Agreement emphasizes federalism, the balance of powers, democratic representation for marginal groups and good governance, its implementation would fundamentally change the relationship between the central Government and the states.

With OMTs, the ECB has converged toward the Fed in its ability to backstop each of its individual parts. Whether that hastens or hinders political progress toward fiscal and banking federalism is the next big question.

In the view of his delegation, the future exercise of the right to self determination would take the form of federalism and cultural autonomy, a view on which the Russian Federation was basing its legal practice.

So the unraveling of multi national states is a false path. The way forward lies in democratic forms of federalism, which can preserve sufficient central authority for the purposes of statehood, while respecting local and regional cultures.

The new members joined the six subcommittees that had already started work on the chapters of the constitutional text, which covered fundamental principles, human rights and fundamental freedoms, the structure of government, federalism, constitutional protection and final provisions.

To encourage progress on the contested aspects of the Constitution he met with members of the Subcommittee on Federalism of the Constitution Drafting Committee and members of the group of Sunni Arab representatives who had recently joined the Committee.

This means that intergovernmental agreements will be needed for some time to come, and that the eurozone will develop in the direction of inter governmental federalism. This promises to be exciting, as it will offer completely unexpected possibilities for political integration.

A close reading of Hamilton s accomplishments, however, will remind European readers that there was an equally deep aversion to federalism in the early US. It took politicians with vision and diplomatic skills to craft the political entity that emerged after independence.

In September 1994, two MPs from the majority Christian Democratic Union published a political statement on Europe, questioning its future, particularly the prospect of federalism. A dismal silence greeted its publication, which left Germany s pro European establishment isolated and dispirited.

Indeed, in May 2000, Joschka Fischer, the ex leader of the Green Party and German Foreign Minister, gave a long speech about the necessity of European integration. The question about European federalism was posed to all member states, and none answered.

Detailed information about the implementation of human rights in Canada and Canadian federalism can be found in Canada's Fourth Report on the ICESCR (http www.pch.gc.ca progs pdp hrp docs cesc_e.cfm), as well as Canada's Core Document (http www.pch.gc.ca progs pdp hrp docs core_e.cfm).

They have sought to sow confusion and to incite civil war in order to block the political process leading to the emergence of an Iraq based on the new principles of democracy, multilateralism and federalism and in which power is exercised peacefully.

The Modi government has also adopted the UPA proposed Goods and Services Tax, which had been stalled by opposition from BJP ruled states (including Modi s Gujarat). And it will strengthen the national anti terrorism effort, which Modi previously denounced as an assault on Indian federalism.

Although nominally governed by ethnic federalism, where this threatened secession, as in Oromia or the Ogaden, Meles was quick to ignore the constitutional set up. Although he strengthened religious freedom and peaceful coexistence between Muslims and Christians, the human rights situation in Ethiopia remained poor.

One Shia leader, Moqtada Sadr, also vehemently opposes federalism. His followers are the largely illiterate, poorest, and most violent Shias of the slums of Baghdad and beyond, whose Mahdi militia fought American troops in 2004, even while the Americans were protecting Shias from Sunni attackers.

He was convinced that, in the framework of a free democratic process, federalism and national and cultural self determination, and not through violence, separatism and extremism, peoples could reaffirm their political status in addition to ensuring their economic, social and cultural development and well being.

Against this background, efforts to tame the deep seated Sunni Shia rivalry (by, for example, improving relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran), though undoubtedly important, should not take priority over a strategy to address the sectarianism plaguing the Sunni belt. That strategy must center on federalism.

All this is not only fostered by the state, but also requires the kind of uniformity that only a centralized state can impose. Indeed, the French Revolution s ideological commitment to unity was so strong that during parts of the nineteenth century, advocating federalism was a capital offense.

The issues of federalism, modalities for the formation of regions in addition to the existing Kurdistan region, the identity of the State, the role of Islam as a source of law, and the distribution of powers with respect to natural resources, including oil and water, were among the major points of contention.

Europe needs greater fiscal federalism, not just centralized oversight of national budgets. To be sure, Europe may not need the two to one ratio of federal to state spending found in the United States but it clearly needs far more European level expenditure, unlike the current miniscule EU budget (whittled down further by austerity advocates).

Until November, divided government and contentious campaigning will most likely prevent significant policy moves. But, following the election, taxes and spending, trade policy, federalism, regulation, and defense will take a different course how different depends on who wins with important implications for America s fiscal position, external balance, and much else, including its relations with the rest of the world.

Thus, Cameron s claim that Juncker s election would make it more difficult to ensure the UK s continued EU membership risks becoming a self fulfilling prophecy. To present Juncker s candidacy as a matter of high political principle, with Cameron heroically but unsuccessfully standing alone against the dark forces of federalism and centralization, could have only reinforced English feelings of alienation from Europe.

It is also sought to increase expenditure destined for the federated states and municipalities and for underdeveloped groups, strengthening federalism by better allocation of resources and responsibilities between the Federation, the states and the municipalities preference is given to rural development, including the fulfilment of the commitments made by the Federal Government to the producers' organizations in the National Agreement for Rural Areas.

Sunnis reject the same federalism for the Shias because they view them as fellow Arabs who have always accepted Sunni rule in the past, and will do so again unless they have their own government. That is what the new constitution would allow, because the Shia majority provinces in the south which contain the greater part of Iraq s oil reserves could form their own regional government.

Sadr opposes federalism because a Shia regional government would obey his enemies, Sistani and the SCIRI, and, he says, fall under Iranian influence. To underline his message, Sadr sent his men to attack the Badr militia, succeeding in Baghdad, where the Mahdis are numerous, but failing in Najaf, where Sadr is hated after the destruction caused last year until his men were massacred by the Americans.