Fourth claim unit Marine resources Iran seeks compensation in the amount of USD 2,293,923,269 for damage to or depletion of its marine resources resulting from the oil spills in the Persian Gulf and pollutants from the oil well fires in Kuwait.

Kuwait uses an integrated set of computer models to estimate oil contamination in marine areas from the oil spills and to calculate the associated losses of biomass.

Iran states that the oil spills resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait affected the marine habitats and marine organisms at the initial stages of their life cycle.

Oil and gas production in offshore environments and the shipment of crude oil and refined products pose the risk of catastrophic spills that affect the marine environment in particular.

These materials have been commercially exploited by many industries, including medical devices, offshore oil, transportation, construction and marine activities.

The fourth claim unit is for damage to or depletion of marine resources in Iran caused by The oil spills in the Persian Gulf and Pollutants from the oil well fires.

Third claim unit Marine subtidal habitats Saudi Arabia states that, as a result of the oil spills resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait, damage was caused to its marine subtidal habitats.

Marine environment, marine resources, marine biodiversity and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems

Marine environment, marine resources, marine biodiversity and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems

They include reporting by fishing vessels of lost or discarded fishing gear periodic surveys of marine debris on beaches and in seal and penguin colonies near coastal stations reporting accidental entanglement(s) in, or ingestion of, marine debris by birds, marine mammals, fish and other animals and recording observations of marine mammals and seabirds soiled with hydrocarbons such as fuel oil.

Marine environment and marine resources

Marine environment, marine resources and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems

Marine environment and marine living resources

Its major commercial applications included coastal zone and environmental monitoring, marine navigation, offshore oil and gas operation, natural disaster mitigation and coastal and deep ocean fishing.

Non living marine resources include beach and nearshore minerals, deep sea minerals, offshore oil and gas, and chemicals and freshwater from the sea. Deep sea minerals

Marine environment, marine resources and sustainable development

357. With the establishment of the pre eminence of the offshore oil and gas industry in the non living marine resource sector, advances in marine technology and research and development in marine technology have been related predominantly to that industry. In the year of the fiftieth anniversary of the industry, such predominance has been more marked than ever.

XI. Marine environment, marine resources and sustainable development

However, in the view of the Panel, although some contamination of Iran's marine resources might be attributable to the oil spills or the oil well fires resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait, there are other possible major causes of such pollution.

318. A variety of terms are used for marine protected areas,69 such as marine sanctuary , marine reserve , marine park , protected seascape or wildlife sanctuary .

Saudi Arabia states that 97,450 birds and 93 marine mammals were killed, and turtle hatch rates suffered a 46 per cent reduction as a result of the oil spills.

(g) Remote sensing monitoring of the marine environment. An all dimensional marine monitoring system receiving data from satellites, aircraft and land is being developed to monitor environmental elements such as sea temperature, water colour, sea waves, mud and sand suspending in sea water and superficial oil pollution.

As with all marine gas and oil deposits, the rights to the waters and the riches below are critical. And, given such riches, competition might appear lucrative at first sight.

As the Panel stated in the first F4 report, there is evidence that the oil spills resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait contaminated some of Iran's marine environment.

Marine science

Marine biodiversity

Marine transport

Marine debris

Marine debris

Marine science

Iraq accepts that the creation of marine and coastal preserves is a useful method to compensate for ecological functions and values that were lost as a consequence of the oil spill.

V Marine safety and protection of the marine environment from accidental pollution

303. The marine environment can be adversely affected as a result of a legal, accidental or deliberate discharge of such pollutants as oil and oily wastes, noxious liquid substances, sewage, garbage, noxious solid substances, anti fouling paints or foreign organisms directly into the marine environment or indirectly through the atmosphere.

In the first and fourth F4 reports, the Panel found that Kuwait's marine and coastal areas had been damaged by oil released as a result of Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait.

(b) Marine debris

Global Marine Assessment

Marine living resources

4. Marine casualties

VI. MARINE TECHNOLOGY

The Panel finds that, although there is evidence that parts of Iran's marine environment were exposed to the oil spills resulting from Iraq's invasion and occupation of Kuwait, Iran has not provided sufficient evidence either to demonstrate the nature of the alleged long term damage to the marine environment and fisheries, or to show that any such damage is a direct result of the oil spills resulting from the invasion and occupation.

(b) Effects of marine debris (the effects of marine debris on human health, safety, tourism and other economic activities, navigation, marine species, the marine environment and fisheries) (see A 60 63, paras. 241 247)

According to Iraq, Kuwait's estimate of the magnitude of the loss is based on theoretical models and is not supported by any evidence of widespread marine organism deaths attributable to the oil spills.

Enhanced marine scientific research is critical for sustainable exploration and exploitation of marine resources.

V. DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE RESOURCES AND PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT . 180 356 50

Qin Shanghai, Dean of the Ocean University of China s International Education College, told reporters that marine science, marine organism, marine geology, aquaculture, and utilization of marine bio resource are the distinctive majors of the school.