Neuroscience is hopeless.

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There is evidence from neuroscience.

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But after that, I actually had my own lab in the computational neuroscience department, and I wasn't doing any neuroscience.

It emerges from our understanding of basic neuroscience.

So this is a session on frontiers in neuroscience.

There's a new field in brain science, social neuroscience.

This works in physics. This works in geology. But if this is normal science, what does neuroscience look like? This is what neuroscience looks like.

And that's what we're doing at the Redwood Neuroscience Institute.

You have data, and data in neuroscience is sensory input.

Now we know from neuroscience that compassion has some very extraordinary qualities.

You can ask about what causes it biochemically neuroscience, serotonin, all that stuff.

Also, genetics and neuroscience are increasingly showing that the brain is intricately structured.

And in neuroscience, we have to deal with many difficult questions about the brain.

So, the Holy Grail for neuroscience is really to understand the design of the neocoritical column and it's not just for neuroscience it's perhaps to understand perception, to understand reality, and perhaps to even also understand physical reality.

We use it in the engineering and neuroscience sense meaning a random noise corrupting a signal.

Most of you know me from my Palm and Handspring days, but I also run a nonprofit scientific research institute called the Redwood Neuroscience Institute in Menlo Park, and we study theoretical neuroscience, and we study how the neocortex works.

This fascination led me to submerge myself in art, study neuroscience and later to become a psychotherapist.

And the new thinking about compassion from social neuroscience is that our default wiring is to help.

So, the job of my field of cognitive neuroscience is to stand with these ideas, one in each hand.

I would posit that one frontier in neuroscience is to figure out how the brain of that thing works.

The modern tools of neuroscience are demonstrating to us that what's going on up there is nothing short of rocket science.

There were 28,000 people who went to the neuroscience conference this year, and every one of them is doing research in brains.

Now several people at this conference have already suggested that fruit flies could serve neuroscience because they're a simple model of brain function.

And so I think we're ready to tackle one of the most important questions in neuroscience how are the brains of men and women different?

Now the first part, the first problem, is relatively easy it's not easy at all but it is something that has been approached gradually in neuroscience.

All the way back into early philosophy and certainly throughout the history of neuroscience, this has been one mystery that has always resisted elucidation, has got major controversies.

But recent advances in psychology and neuroscience may suggest that if we want to understand social and political behavior, or improve policies, we should be reading Hegel more than Bentham. That may sound weird, given that Hegel was an Idealist and would never have expected neuroscience a material reality independent of Geist (usually translated as Mind or Spirit) to be relevant to his inquiry.

And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self awareness, which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology, and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens.

And the thing is, though, if you looked at my brain during those years in the Moonies neuroscience is expanding exponentially, as Ray Kurzweil said yesterday. Science is expanding.

And Brendan Boyle, Rich Crandall and on the far right is, I think, a person who will be in cahoots with George Smoot for a Nobel Prize Stuart Thompson, in neuroscience.

At that time, I was really interested in neuroscience and wanted to do a research project in neurology specifically looking at the effects of heavy metals on the developing nervous system.

It's being led by one of our collaborators, Alan Horsager at USC, and being sought to be commercialized by a start up company Eos Neuroscience, which is funded by the NIH.

And so therefore whatever cultural variation there is in how human beings flourish can, at least in principle, be understood in the context of a maturing science of the mind neuroscience, psychology, etc.

I think that the sciences of human nature behavioral genetics, evolutionary psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science are going to, increasingly in the years to come, upset various dogmas, careers and deeply held political belief systems.

So everything we've been talking about today is based on this philosophically charged principle of neuroscience that the mind, with its seemingly mysterious properties, is actually made of physical stuff that we can tinker with.

And I said, I want to do this for four years, make some money, like I was having a family, and I would mature a bit, and maybe the business of neuroscience would mature a bit.

So it's for me, its been an extremely nourishing scholarly adventure to look at the neuroscience that's associated with play, and to bring together people who in their individual disciplines hadn't really thought of it that way.

And it's not based on theology or philosophy, it's in the study of the mind, across all these spheres of research, from neuroscience to the cognitive scientists, behavioral economists, psychologists, sociology, we're developing a revolution in consciousness.

Modern neuroscience is revealing that metaphors are intrinsic to creativity, for their use activates diverse regions of the brain associated with their multiple meanings. Good metaphors are those that set off the right intuitive connections in our brains.

Topics such as the malign misuse of neuroscience, the assault on the immune system, non lethal technologies, and the potential for professional codes were written by Alexander Kelle, Malcolm Dando, Katheryn Nixdorff, Nick Lewer, Neil Davison and Brian Rappert.

Prakash, as many of you know, is the Sanskrit word for light, and the idea is that in bringing light into the lives of children, we also have a chance of shedding light on some of the deepest mysteries of neuroscience.