In order to do so, it would be necessary to identify the traded quantity prevailing before the introduction of the NTB.

6. Urges States to eliminate barriers to trade, including tariff peaks, high tariffs and non tariff barriers and measures which are not consistent with their obligations under the World Trade Organization agreements, taking into account the importance of the trade of fisheries products, particularly for developing countries

(b) The elimination of trade distorting policies, protectionist practices and non tariff barriers in international trade relations

(b) The elimination of trade distorting policies, protectionist practices and non tariff barriers in international trade relations

Missing information can thus introduce a downward bias on estimates of the trade impact of NTBs.

The framework is used to estimate the changes in trade due to the introduction of an NTB.

Overall, NTBs have almost replaced tariff barriers in manufacturing sectors.

74. The Group reaffirmed its support for General Assembly resolution 51 167, which stressed the urgent need to continue trade liberalization in developed and developing countries through a substantial reduction of tariff and other barriers to trade, in particular non tariff barriers, and the elimination of discriminatory and protectionist practices in international trade relations.

A number of other areas of WTO work are relevant to the distribution sector, namely trade facilitation, SPS measures, TBT, non tariff barriers, subsidies and tariffs, all of which give rise to complex questions and the need for further analysis.

Also, while tariff barriers were coming down, non tariff barriers were going up many times over.

The NTB data incorporated in TRAINS indicate the existence of categories of NTBs classified according to the UNCTAD Coding System of Trade Control Measures (TCMCS) for particular products or groups of products.

The continual decline of tariff rates as the result of eight GATT rounds of multilateral trade negotiations (MTNs) has increased the relative importance of NTBs both as protection and as regulatory trade instruments.

Market access Tariffs and non tariff barriers

WTO has given prominence to the potential for further reduction of tariff barriers to foster an expansion in South South trade.

The continual decline of tariff rates as a result of eight multilateral trade negotiations has raised the relative importance of NTBs in terms of both protection and regulatory trade instruments.

Trade walls began to come tumbling down.

Actual or potential trade barriers

ISO 14001 may act as a non tariff barrier to trade if certification is costly or difficult to achieve.

TRADE IN GOODS BARRIERS AND CONSTRAINTS

Robert Baldwin (1984), for instance, writes Not only have these measures become more visible as tariffs have declined significantly through successive multilateral trade negotiations but they have been used more extensively by governments to attain the protectionist goals formerly achieved with tariffs .

For instance, WTO Members may choose to categorize non tariff barriers affecting EPPs as those that are more issue specific, e.g. technical barriers to trade (TBT), customs procedures and rules, or more sector specific.

CATEGORIES USED IN THE WTO's MOST RECENT INVENTORY OF NON TARIFF MEASURES

There is a wide range of NTBs.

The existence of preferential customs barriers.

Their exports today face a variety of barriers in their major markets, including non tariff trade barriers and other non tariff measures.

Quantity impact measures can a priori provide precise information about the impact of an NTB on trade.

32. A burden weighing on continued trade expansion is the continuing recourse to NTBs to trade, by both developed and developing countries alike.

Also, they recognized the distorting effects of non tariff and trade barriers, and agricultural subsidies, and underscored the need to move forward in working towards the realization of the development objectives of the Doha round.

For developing countries, it was more important at the present stage to establish through FDI liberalization, reduction of tariff and non tariff barriers to trade, and domestic deregulation market structures that worked.

b See OECD, Indicators of Tariff and Non Tariff Trade Barriers, Paris, 1996, and its corresponding CD ROM, produced jointly by OECD and UNCTAD.

Urges States to eliminate barriers to trade, including tariff peaks, high tariffs and non tariff barriers and measures which are not consistent with their obligations under the World Trade Organization agreements, taking into account the importance of the trade of fisheries products, particularly for developing countries

In addition to information concerning the frequency of NTBs, they also make it possible to gather data on the relative importance of different measures, such as their trade restrictiveness or trade impact.

And they threw up walls political walls, trade walls, transportation walls, communication walls, iron curtains which divided peoples and nations.

Categories used in the WTO's most recent inventory of non tariff

Frequency of occurrence, for instance, could be represented by the share of total tariff lines containing an NTB. Coverage would then be measured by the share of imports affected by an NTB as a percentage of total imports.

We call for better access to markets, in particular preferential markets with lowered tariff and non tariff barriers to trade with industrialized countries.

For example, the Trade Map analysed present export markets and provided market specific information on, for instance, tariffs and non tariff barriers.

14. No less important was the task of facilitating the access of Russian exports to world markets by lifting the tariff and non tariff barriers set out in the legislation of certain Western partners.

II. Trade in goods barriers and constraints 10 26

Two broad groups of measurement methods can be identified one can be defined as NTB specific and one adopts a more indirect consideration of NTBs.

Such tariff barriers and non tariff barriers (NTBs) can be very high in specific product areas, making it extremely difficult for exporters to penetrate markets.

The most comprehensive collection of publicly available information on NTBs is the database contained in the UNCTAD Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS), which is accessible through the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) software.

A successful Doha Round will reduce and eliminate tariffs and other barriers on farm and industrial goods.

Price reductions are closely linked to government policy measures that lead to the reduction of tariff barriers and barriers created by regulations.

It deserves to be emphasized, however, that other impediments to trade exist.