Wholesale and retail trade

27. Retail and wholesale

Wholesale and retail petrol

Wholesale and retail trade

Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels

Wholesale receipts had the largest gain at 44.5 per cent, followed by retail sales at 10.1 per cent and services at 8.2 per cent.14

(d) Importation wholesale and retail businesses (foreign country).

The distribution sector includes commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as enablers of trade.

Some products enter the market through wholesalers who in turn distribute the products to a variety of retailers, while in other cases the producer sells directly to the retailer.

Wholesale prices followed trends similar to those of retail prices.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Commission agents' services, wholesale trade services, retailing services, and franchising

Wholesale retail trade and repair of motor cars, motorcycles and personal and household effects

In many developing countries, wholesale sales are considerably smaller in value terms than retail sales, while in most developed countries they tend to be equal.

Wholesalers collate, store and disburse products.

Significantly broaden distribution via retail and the Internet.

Distribution services are dominated by wholesale and retail services.

4. Heroin seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994 6

9. Cocaine seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994 9

They handle products in bulk but do not own them, delivering them to wholesalers, retailers or other individual users.

Business can encounter significant barriers when striving to invest in foreign distribution (retail or wholesale) markets.

The informal retailing sector will have a role to play once markets are opened and formal retailing expands.

Figure 4. Heroin seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994

The European average real retail price of cocaine in 1994 was about 45 per cent of the 1983 price.

Indeed, the Indian government s decision to welcome foreign retailers coincided with French retailer Carrefour s announcement that it will shut down its substantial operations in Singapore by the end of this year. Meanwhile, its British counterpart, Tesco, is shifting away from the large hypermarket format and investing heavily in online systems.

The retail sector is characterized by economies of scale and scope as well as vertical integration and the existence of large retail chains.

And at one time, such a large batch of store closures might have been viewed as a retailer's concession of defeat.

It is primarily a company that manufactures, bottles and resells the finished product to wholesalers and retailers in Costa Rica.

Foreign sales represent a significant share in total sales of the main European retailers.

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

Despite a broadband penetration rate of only 30 , e tail commanded 5 6 of total retail sales in China in 2012, on par with the US. And the sector is already profitable Chinese e tailers are logging margins of 8 10 of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization, which is slightly larger than the average margin for physical retailers.

Online retail and supporting logistics is expanding in a wide range of advanced and developing economies. In China, where the expansion is occurring extremely quickly, estimates suggest that only part of the expansion is at the expense of traditional retail.

In the context of a market with a high number of small retailers this practice can be seen as a barrier to entry.

Five large foreign retail chains are operating in the Vietnamese market at present, while many others are waiting for approval.

However, with a growth rate significantly higher than for total retail trade, the share of e commerce in total retail trade is also growing.

Retail trade 353

The role of wholesalers in developed countries tends to be more pronounced where small retailers command a larger share of the market, as in the case of Japan.

Only recently, the share of wholesale sales in developed countries began to decline, since part of the value added has been appropriated by producers and large retailers, to the detriment of wholesalers.

The magnitude of the quantity sold

Developments in distribution services market Developed countries Distribution services in both retail and wholesale sectors have become a highly concentrated activity in developed countries, and they also play a commanding role in the overall organization of production, with large retailing conglomerates dominating markets.

In the large scale retailing segment, domestic companies still dominate the market the three largest retailers are national firms controlling almost 60 per cent of the market.

Retailers have integrated backwards into wholesale operations, and producers have integrated forward, performing wholesale functions by distributing their products directly to retailers.

Retail and wholesale prices of cocaine, in contrast, declined fairly steadily in a similar manner to those of heroin, as shown in figure 9.

Retail fuel dealers