4. Heroin seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994 6

9. Cocaine seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994 9

Figure 4. Heroin seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994

The European average real retail price of cocaine in 1994 was about 45 per cent of the 1983 price.

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

Despite a broadband penetration rate of only 30 , e tail commanded 5 6 of total retail sales in China in 2012, on par with the US. And the sector is already profitable Chinese e tailers are logging margins of 8 10 of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization, which is slightly larger than the average margin for physical retailers.

Retail trade 353

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

Retail fuel dealers

Wholesale and retail trade

27. Retail and wholesale

The Euro Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREP) is a European based trade organization for retailers.

Growing use by retailers of own brands and discount retailing have also been driving prices down significantly.

With 15 million retail outlets, India has the highest retail outlet density in the world.

Wholesale and retail petrol

Retail trade and repair services

Significantly broaden distribution via retail and the Internet.

In total, stock of Asian investment in the retail trade in the United States in 2002 stood at US 3 billion in retail trade.

Online retail and supporting logistics is expanding in a wide range of advanced and developing economies. In China, where the expansion is occurring extremely quickly, estimates suggest that only part of the expansion is at the expense of traditional retail.

The distribution sector includes commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as enablers of trade.

The informal retailing sector will have a role to play once markets are opened and formal retailing expands.

In particular, online retail sales of physical goods amounted to approximately RMB5.08 trillion, while online retail sales of services amounted to nearly RMB1.49 trillion.

In Europe, for example, on line retailing accounts for 2 per cent of total grocery sales, but it is growing by 50 per cent annually.

Magical new retail

China s E Tail Revolution

Indeed, the Indian government s decision to welcome foreign retailers coincided with French retailer Carrefour s announcement that it will shut down its substantial operations in Singapore by the end of this year. Meanwhile, its British counterpart, Tesco, is shifting away from the large hypermarket format and investing heavily in online systems.

The retail sector is characterized by economies of scale and scope as well as vertical integration and the existence of large retail chains.

Retailers are able to access and tap different cost structures in different countries and are becoming global.

Informal retailers could become the suppliers or the customers of formal retailers, or their franchises.

The process of opening the retail sector in China began in 1992 when foreign investment was allowed in retailing on a trial basis.

Retailers are distributors selling to end consumers.

Foreign sales represent a significant share in total sales of the main European retailers.

Some products enter the market through wholesalers who in turn distribute the products to a variety of retailers, while in other cases the producer sells directly to the retailer.

The fresh food supermarket war has escalated, and have become a phenomenal topic in the new retail sector. Just what is new in new retail?

Wholesale and retail trade

Wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels

In the context of a market with a high number of small retailers this practice can be seen as a barrier to entry.

In the case of Colombia, for example in 1995 small retail establishments accounted for approximately 47 per cent of total retail sales, down from more than 75 per cent in 1985.

Recent monthly figures suggest a pick up in retail sales. But, because the official statistics capture mostly sales by larger retailers and exclude the fall in sales by hundreds of thousands of smaller stores and businesses that have failed, consumption looks better than it really is.

So what is new retail exactly?

(d) Importation wholesale and retail businesses (foreign country).

The publishing, merchandising, and sale of the series have allowed those projects to become viable and independent.

Total retail sales are approaching the 2.0 billion level, having reached 1.8 billion in 1996.

New retail plans proposed by different types of industries will lead new retail development into a state of diversified growth.