Foreign sales represent a significant share in total sales of the main European retailers.

However, with a growth rate significantly higher than for total retail trade, the share of e commerce in total retail trade is also growing.

According to other views, a much smaller market share, as low as 8 per cent, could suffice for a retailer to have market power.

The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

In particular, online retail sales of physical goods amounted to approximately RMB5.08 trillion, while online retail sales of services amounted to nearly RMB1.49 trillion.

On line retailing is still in its infancy and represents a minor share of total sales, but it is significant for selected products, such as books and computers.

In total, stock of Asian investment in the retail trade in the United States in 2002 stood at US 3 billion in retail trade.

In Europe, for example, on line retailing accounts for 2 per cent of total grocery sales, but it is growing by 50 per cent annually.

Online sales are less common in retail trade (B2C) or in services' industries, with sales accounting for only 1.7 and 1 per cent of total sales, respectively.

Despite a broadband penetration rate of only 30 , e tail commanded 5 6 of total retail sales in China in 2012, on par with the US. And the sector is already profitable Chinese e tailers are logging margins of 8 10 of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization, which is slightly larger than the average margin for physical retailers.

Recent monthly figures suggest a pick up in retail sales. But, because the official statistics capture mostly sales by larger retailers and exclude the fall in sales by hundreds of thousands of smaller stores and businesses that have failed, consumption looks better than it really is.

Total retail sales are approaching the 2.0 billion level, having reached 1.8 billion in 1996.

In the case of Colombia, for example in 1995 small retail establishments accounted for approximately 47 per cent of total retail sales, down from more than 75 per cent in 1985.

The situation changed this year, however. Online retail sales accelerated again. For the first nine months of this year, growth rate rebounded to 34.2 ,

Due to the recent restructuring of retail activities, supermarkets saw their share rise from 20 per cent of total national food retailing in 1990 to 50 60 per cent of total turnover in 2002.

4. Heroin seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994 6

9. Cocaine seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994 9

The role of wholesalers in developed countries tends to be more pronounced where small retailers command a larger share of the market, as in the case of Japan.

In most countries, the retail sector has typically developed in three stages first, local or regional players dominate, before a smaller number of national companies takes over, with e tailers ultimately challenging traditional businesses. But China lacks national leaders, with the top five Chinese retailers in different product categories commanding less than 20 of the market, compared to up to 60 in the US.

Figure 4. Heroin seizures and retail prices in Europe, 1983 1994

The European average real retail price of cocaine in 1994 was about 45 per cent of the 1983 price.

The size of market share, expressed in terms of turnover or sales volume, measuring the enterprise s position in the market in question as compared with competitors.

In 2017, at Alibaba s China retail platform, nationwide sales of Taobao Villages amounted to RMB120 billion.

According to some views, market power can be exerted by a retailer only if it has at least a 35 per cent share of the market.

With technology based development, the percentage share of employment in the agriculture sector declines and the shares in the manufacturing, construction, the wholesale and retail trade, etc., show increasing trends.

In many developing countries, wholesale sales are considerably smaller in value terms than retail sales, while in most developed countries they tend to be equal.

31. The United Nations Postal Administration should develop an appropriate marketing strategy taking into account the possibility of increasing the share of dealer sales and the need to minimize the cost of sales.

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

The Perekriostok group, the Russian Federation's leading supermarket chain, has emerged in these conditions to become the fifth largest retailer in Europe and the ninth in the world in terms of retail sales.

In 2002, for example, China's retail market was worth 4,000 billion, larger than all non Japan Asian countries combined, and represented 5 per cent of worldwide retail sales.

For instance, Amazon s share of the online retail market in the US is already at 34 . By 2020, this will likely to rise to 50 . In China however, Amazon s market share is less than 1 , a far cry from that of Alibaba and JD.com.

Retail trade 353

Retail fuel dealers

Wholesale and retail trade

27. Retail and wholesale

61. Similarly the share in employment of the wholesale and retail trade increased from 9.4 per cent in 1971 to 12.2 per cent in 1994 and to 13.2 per cent in the first half of 1995.

Not all countries have legislation prohibiting below cost selling, and large retailers can sustain controlled losses in certain product baskets in order to increase their market share.

Retail sales in the Russian Federation totalled 194.6 billion in 2004, with the distribution sector's contribution to GDP amounting to 22 per cent.

The Euro Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREP) is a European based trade organization for retailers.

This comprised 13.6 of total retail sales of consumer goods, up nearly 3 percentage points year on year.

Article 38 During the reporting period, the Company shall make disclosure of information about the sales of funds by fund category, mainly including the name of funds sold during the reporting period, sales amount, sales quota, sales commission and total selling expenses during the reporting period.

Only recently, the share of wholesale sales in developed countries began to decline, since part of the value added has been appropriated by producers and large retailers, to the detriment of wholesalers.

Given the rapid growth of pharmaceutical retailers, including private stores (accounting for 72 of the retail market), a supply network was well in place to provide essential medicines to communes and wards in remote and mountainous areas and islands, which meets the WHO's standards.

Wake up, students. It s time to highlight the key points. Online retail sales of services was definitely a major contributor!