The top 100 retailers (see table 3) account for 25 per cent of worldwide retailing sales.

In particular, online retail sales of physical goods amounted to approximately RMB5.08 trillion, while online retail sales of services amounted to nearly RMB1.49 trillion.

Foreign sales represent a significant share in total sales of the main European retailers.

In Europe, for example, on line retailing accounts for 2 per cent of total grocery sales, but it is growing by 50 per cent annually.

Online sales are less common in retail trade (B2C) or in services' industries, with sales accounting for only 1.7 and 1 per cent of total sales, respectively.

Recent monthly figures suggest a pick up in retail sales. But, because the official statistics capture mostly sales by larger retailers and exclude the fall in sales by hundreds of thousands of smaller stores and businesses that have failed, consumption looks better than it really is.

Total retail sales are approaching the 2.0 billion level, having reached 1.8 billion in 1996.

In the case of Colombia, for example in 1995 small retail establishments accounted for approximately 47 per cent of total retail sales, down from more than 75 per cent in 1985.

Due to the recent restructuring of retail activities, supermarkets saw their share rise from 20 per cent of total national food retailing in 1990 to 50 60 per cent of total turnover in 2002.

However, with a growth rate significantly higher than for total retail trade, the share of e commerce in total retail trade is also growing.

In 2017, at Alibaba s China retail platform, nationwide sales of Taobao Villages amounted to RMB120 billion.

In many developing countries, wholesale sales are considerably smaller in value terms than retail sales, while in most developed countries they tend to be equal.

According to other views, a much smaller market share, as low as 8 per cent, could suffice for a retailer to have market power.

On line retailing is still in its infancy and represents a minor share of total sales, but it is significant for selected products, such as books and computers.

Despite a broadband penetration rate of only 30 , e tail commanded 5 6 of total retail sales in China in 2012, on par with the US. And the sector is already profitable Chinese e tailers are logging margins of 8 10 of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization, which is slightly larger than the average margin for physical retailers.

The retail sector includes two main types of retailers store and non store retailers.

Producers are also engaging in direct sales to consumers through on line retailing, bypassing retailers.

The Perekriostok group, the Russian Federation's leading supermarket chain, has emerged in these conditions to become the fifth largest retailer in Europe and the ninth in the world in terms of retail sales.

In 2002, for example, China's retail market was worth 4,000 billion, larger than all non Japan Asian countries combined, and represented 5 per cent of worldwide retail sales.

Retail trade 353

Retail fuel dealers

Wholesale and retail trade

27. Retail and wholesale

Retail sales in the Russian Federation totalled 194.6 billion in 2004, with the distribution sector's contribution to GDP amounting to 22 per cent.

The Euro Retailer Produce Working Group (EUREP) is a European based trade organization for retailers.

This comprised 13.6 of total retail sales of consumer goods, up nearly 3 percentage points year on year.

In total, stock of Asian investment in the retail trade in the United States in 2002 stood at US 3 billion in retail trade.

In most countries, the retail sector has typically developed in three stages first, local or regional players dominate, before a smaller number of national companies takes over, with e tailers ultimately challenging traditional businesses. But China lacks national leaders, with the top five Chinese retailers in different product categories commanding less than 20 of the market, compared to up to 60 in the US.

Wake up, students. It s time to highlight the key points. Online retail sales of services was definitely a major contributor!

The overall on line retailing business in the United States reached 40 billion US dollars in 2002 and is expected to grow to more than 130 billion in 2006.

Growing use by retailers of own brands and discount retailing have also been driving prices down significantly.

With 15 million retail outlets, India has the highest retail outlet density in the world.

Wholesale and retail petrol

Retail trade and repair services

Significantly broaden distribution via retail and the Internet.

The distribution sector includes commission agents, wholesalers and retailers who act as enablers of trade.

The informal retailing sector will have a role to play once markets are opened and formal retailing expands.

Magical new retail

China s E Tail Revolution

The retail sector is characterized by economies of scale and scope as well as vertical integration and the existence of large retail chains.

In Chile, for example, the top four chains already represent 46 per cent of total national grocery retailing, and in Latin America as a whole, on average the top five chains represent 65 per cent of total sales.

Retailers are able to access and tap different cost structures in different countries and are becoming global.

Informal retailers could become the suppliers or the customers of formal retailers, or their franchises.

The process of opening the retail sector in China began in 1992 when foreign investment was allowed in retailing on a trial basis.

Retailers are distributors selling to end consumers.