But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

Embryonic stem cells have occupied center stage, chiefly because of their pluripotency that is their ease in differentiating into a variety of different cell types.

You all know about embryonic stem cells.

So I've studied a lot about stem cells embryonic stem cells are particularly powerful.

This is a stem cell that we've developed here in Oxford, from an embryonic stem cell.

A central element in this respect is the regulation that genetic manipulation affecting germ line is prohibited altogether, as is research work with apos embryonic cells apos , which apparently includes totipotent cells and pre embryos.

But the moral controversy surrounding embryonic stem cells the fact that these cells are derived from five day old human embryos has encouraged research into other types of stem cells.

You take a six to eight cell embryo, you tease out one of the cells, you run a genetic test on that cell, and depending on the results of that test you either implant that embryo or you discard it.

The prohibition of cloning includes the removal of a totipotent cell from an embryo for diagnostic purposes, as well as the removal of a totipotent cell from an embryo conceived in vitro for diagnostic purposes.

Embryonic cells as well as sperm and egg cells intended for medically assisted reproduction may only be conserved for a maximum of one year.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

And here is the limitation adult stem cells are mature cells, and, like mature human beings, these cells are more restricted in their thought and more restricted in their behavior and are unable to give rise to the wide variety of specialized cell types, as embryonic stem cells can .

Audience I was told that many of the brain cells we have as adults are actually in the human embryo, and that the brain cells last 80 years or so.

The same applies to research on embryos or embryonic tissue, where such work is permitted at all, as following the prohibition of research on surplus embryos, as set forth in the Federal Protection of Embryos Act, the Standard Professional Code explicitly stipulates that both the production of human embryos for research purposes and research on human embryos (including totipotent cells) are prohibited.

But it is precisely this reasoning that is threatened by what Hwang and his team claimed to have achieved. If it is the uniqueness of human embryos that makes it wrong to destroy them, then there is no compelling reason not to take one cell from an embryo and destroy the remainder of it to obtain stem cells, for the embryo s unique genetic potential would be preserved.

And at that time, stem cell research had gained momentum, following the isolation of the world's first human embryonic stem cells in the 1990s.

Geron, just last year, started the first trial using human embryonic stem cells to treat spinal cord injuries.

Any type of research work on and with apos embryonic cells apos is also inadmissible.

If you think about it, every cell in your body has the same DNA as you had when you were an embryo.

There are many biological systems like that brains, cells, developing embryos.

Surrogate motherhood or transfer of a foreign ovum, or an embryo or foetus created from it to a woman whose intention to give away the child after birth is known is punishable by a pecuniary punishment.

The guts of the mice were DNA sequenced and it was found six bacterial species present in the mice with the immune cells but absent from the mice without them.

Whereas a skin cell or a liver cell, for instance, can reproduce only more skin or liver, stem cells, which are the most robust at the beginning of human development, are master cells. As a fertilized egg turns into an embryo, and then a fetus, those initial stem cells somehow show their daughter cells how to become skin, liver, eye, or bone.

Directly going in it's a little bit further away, but not that far away going in and altering the genes in the first cell in an embryo.

We can now reprogram your skin cells to actually act like a pluripotent embryonic stem cell and to utilize those potentially to treat multiple organs in that same patient making your own personalized stem cell lines.

If any of the aforementioned conditions are not met, Poland is opposed to any kind of use of embryonic stem cells.

Early Embryo Yolk sack still feeding Baby.

Embryonic cells may only be used for medically assisted reproduction and may be examined and manipulated only insofar as this is necessary for procuring pregnancy.

Over time, these tiny threads form in the liquid into layers and produce a mat on the surface.

So all of those colored lines correspond to bunches of axons, the fibers that join cell bodies to synapses.

So they're spinning these tiny nano fibers of pure cellulose.

More than four decades later, in 2006, Yamanaka discovered a way to trick complex adult cells in mice into regressing to their immature state, forming stem cells. Before this, stem cells which can potentially be reprogrammed to develop into replacements for lost or damaged tissue could be taken only from early stage embryos, a practice that fueled ethical controversy.

For example, when President George W. Bush announced in 2001 that the United States would not fund research into new stem cell lines that are created from human embryos, he offered the following reason Like a snowflake, each of these embryos is unique, with the unique genetic potential of an individual human being.

All of a sudden having conversation and communications with the estrogens, the progesterones, saying, I'm here to stay, plant me, building this incredible trilinear fetus that becomes, within 44 days, something that you can recognize, and then at nine weeks is really kind of a little human being.

A few weeks after I was conceived,

In experiments it was found a kind of tolerance promoting immune cell appears in mice that carry a specific bacterium in their guts.

And I first off started work in cell culture, growing cells, and then I was using knockout mouse models mice that couldn't make the gene.

And like this magnificent origami, cells are developing at one million cells per second at four weeks, as it's just folding on itself.

On May 19, a group of Korean scientists published in the magazine Science the results of research that for the first time isolated human embryonic stem cell lines specifically tailored to match the DNA of male and female patients of various ages. The next day, British scientists at Newcastle University announced that they had successfully produced a cloned human embryo using donated eggs and genetic material from stem cells.

The more tryptophan the mice had in their diet, the more of these immune cells they had.'

A person s pancreas cells and skin cells are clearly different, yet they have the same genes with the same DNA sequences. Moreover, the cells features are inherited in their respective cell lineages, even though the stimuli that triggered the differences between them during embryonic development are long gone.

When the sunlight comes through the window you see these little fibers.

Poland permits the possibility of performing scientific research in the field of human embryonic stem cells only for the purpose of saving human life or for protecting humans from serious diseases.

Have you given any thought to this twin case?

The twins started producing milk.