The guts of the mice were DNA sequenced and it was found six bacterial species present in the mice with the immune cells but absent from the mice without them.

And I first off started work in cell culture, growing cells, and then I was using knockout mouse models mice that couldn't make the gene.

And as it moves around, the electrical activity can pass from one of these cells to the next cell to keep track of where it is, so that it can use its own movements to know where it is in its environment.

Then, they sprayed stem cells onto that heart, from a mouse.

In experiments it was found a kind of tolerance promoting immune cell appears in mice that carry a specific bacterium in their guts.

So how does a place cell know where the rat or person is within its environment?

The more tryptophan the mice had in their diet, the more of these immune cells they had.'

So the one on the top likes to fire sort of midway between the walls of the box that their rat's in.

And as we treat it with our compound, this addiction to sugar, this rapid growth, faded.

Mice reared in a sterile environment so they lacked a gut microbiome and do not develop this kind of immune cell were given L. reuteri and the immune cells arose.

So, I added these protocells together to the system, and protocell A and protocell B fused together to form a hybrid protocell AB.

For this fish, it's actually whole cells with nuclei and membranes.

This is a normal cell. This is a cancer cell.

And indeed, you do see it in the human entorhinal cortex, which is the same part of the brain that you see grid cells in rats.

So the cell on the left, you can see, it fires whenever the animal gets near to a wall or a boundary to the east, whether it's the edge or the wall of a square box or the circular wall of the circular box or even the drop at the edge of a table, which the animals are running around.

The observation that stem cells, as master cells, could give rise to a whole variety of different cell types heart cells, liver cells, pancreatic islet cells captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public.

We then take the cells, the vascular cells, blood vessel cells, we perfuse the vascular tree with the patient's own cells.

There's a class of cells, a fairly small cell, an inhibitory cell, that quiets its neighbors.

He took 20,000 and then 60,000 disaggregated rat neurons so these are just individual neurons from rats put them on a chip.

We're made of cells and stuff between cells.

So we're going to imagine we're recording from a single neuron in the hippocampus of this rat here.

In effect, the cancer cell was forgetting it was cancer and becoming a normal cell.

When the researchers doubled the amount of tryptophan in the mice's feed, the number of such cells rose by about 50 percent but when tryptophan levels were halved, the number of cells dropped by half.

Fat derived stem cells are adult stem cells.

Cells?

On the left, we see a tiny piece of beating heart tissue that I engineered from rat cells in the lab.

And out in the cytoplasmic soup we have special proteins that are required for cell division that float freely in this soup in three dimensions.

But adult stem cells are not embryonic stem cells.

These are support cells astrocytes glia.

We then grow the cells outside the body, take the scaffold, coat the scaffold with the cells the patient's own cells, two different cell types.

So we could show the firing rate of that neuron as a function of the animal's location.

Or we can use cells alone, either your very own cells or different stem cell populations.

Liver cells, nerve cells, pancreatic cells we still can't grow them even today.

My body's an accumulation of ideas too the idea of skin cells, the idea of brain cells, the idea of liver cells.

And the other part is on the inside where it sends signals into the cell.

A windpipe cell already knows it's a windpipe cell.

They discovered that adult cells, taken from you and me, could be reprogrammed back into embryonic like cells, which they termed IPS cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells.

In order to preserve the human species, it would be preferable surely to use gene therapy with caution, restricting it to somatic cells (body cells excluding germ cells), to the exclusion of germ cells (i.e. the cells used for sexual reproduction).

We thought that maybe nitric oxide affected cell death, and how cells survive, and their resistance to other things.

So what we see is that this neuron knows whenever the rat has gone into one particular place in its environment.

The immune cells developed into the tolerance promoting cells.

So you may not only have car cells, you may have Aston Martin cells.

And place cells also get this kind of path integration input from a kind of cell called a grid cell.

So, 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells on a human being.

And what MyoD essentially does is, it causes cells to differentiate into muscle cells. So this compound, MyoD, has been tested on a lot of different cell types and been shown to actually convert this variety of cell types into skeletal muscle cells.