This is the notion of loss aversion.

These widespread attitudes illustrate country folk apos s dislike of taking risks.

But markets that rise on both good and bad news are not stable markets. Risk off episodes, in which investor sentiment sours, are likely to return if economic news worsens and confidence in policymakers effectiveness drops.

As consumers, firms, and investors become more cautious and risk averse, the equity market rally of the second half of 2012 has crested. And, given the seriousness of the downside risks to growth in advanced and emerging economies alike, the correction could be a bellwether of worse to come for the global economy and financial markets in 2013.

Especially expressions of contempt or disgust, well you really need a lot of positives to upset that.

And last, we talked about loss aversion, and the monkeys and the apples.

Being long CDS, the risk automatically declines if they are wrong. This is the exact opposite of short selling in equity markets, where being wrong means that the risk automatically increases.

The situation is aggravated by the market in credit default swaps, which is biased in favor of those who speculate on failure. Being long CDS, the risk automatically declines if they are wrong.

In fact, when you go back to the beginning, there were no private investors who would be willing to take a risk on building a new technology for a market class that made under a dollar a day, that were known to be some of the most risk averse people on the planet and that were working in one of the riskiest sectors, agriculture.

And another way that you saw, sort of, this sort of, this antipathy towards the Chinese is through documents like this.

While there is a risk of market failure, it needs to be weighed against the risk of government failure.

This is an area in the prefrontal cortex, a region where we can use cognition to try to overcome aversive emotional states.

The problem is that the Fed s liquidity injections are not creating credit for the real economy, but rather boosting leverage and risk taking in financial markets. The issuance of risky junk bonds under loose covenants and with excessively low interest rates is increasing the stock market is reaching new highs, despite the growth slowdown and money is flowing to high yielding emerging markets.

Users of financial information and participants in the marketplace need information on foreseeable material risks, including risks specific to industries or geographical areas, dependence on certain commodities, financial market risk and derivative risks.

If Europe wants to revive its economy and escape stagnation, it needs entrepreneurs to take more risk to innovate. But its financial system is undergoing a transition from a bank based to a market based system that involves risk aversion.

(2)Where an enterprise holds the assets or liabilities that can be used to counteract the market risks, it may adopt the middle price of the market to determine the fair value of the positions that can counteract the risks of the market meanwhile, the offer or charge shall be the basis for determining the fair value of net exposure.

They have an increased risk of infection, an increased risk of malignancy.

Will no other cities benefit? Worse still, could the mood in housing markets soon lead prices in downward?

Understandably, investors have interpreted all of this as a green light to take more risk. And with the hype this month over eight successive records for the Dow Jones index (and many other records around the world), excitement induces more investors to enter riskier asset markets.

Eventually, central banks will need to exit quantitative easing and zero interest rates, putting downward pressure on risky assets, including commodities. Or the global recovery may turn out to be fragile and anemic, leading to a rise in bearish sentiment on commodities and in bullishness about the US dollar.

According to conventional theory, markets tend towards equilibrium, function without any discontinuity in the sequence of prices, and deviations occur in a random fashion. As a result, market risks can be equated with the risks confronting individual market participants.

These networks enable firms to share risks and costs and to access markets.

For the first time in this crisis, the European authorities would undertake an operation for which they have more than sufficient resources. Coming as a positive surprise to the markets, it would reverse their mood.

As a dancer, I know the nine rasas or the navarasas anger, valor, disgust, humor and fear.

Data from the US, the United Kingdom, the periphery of the eurozone, Japan, and even emerging market economies is signaling that part of the global economy especially advanced economies may be stalling, if not dropping into a double dip recession. Global risk aversion has also increased, as the option of further extend and pretend or delay and pray on Greece is becoming less desirable, and the specter of a disorderly workout is becoming more likely.

The participation of foreign investors in these markets means that the risks of sudden reversals of foreign capital inflows is not eliminated.

We have a bit of a love hate thing going on.

Now a combination of high oil and commodity prices, turmoil in the Middle East, Japan s earthquake and tsunami, eurozone debt crises, and America s fiscal problems (and now its rating downgrade) have led to a massive increase in risk aversion. Economically, the United States, the eurozone, the United Kingdom, and Japan are all idling.

Economically, the United States, the eurozone, the United Kingdom, and Japan are all idling. Even fast growing emerging markets (China, emerging Asia, and Latin America), and export oriented economies that rely on these markets (Germany and resource rich Australia), are experiencing sharp slowdowns.

The town clerk is in a vile temper today!

The answer to this question, he said, requires us to define the market, identify and calculate risks, assign those risks and identify and evaluate collateral.

These differences imply that the return to normal market conditions will be slower in the case of the euro crisis. Nevertheless, the crisis should abate somewhat, because the most risk averse institutions have by now sold their holdings of peripheral countries sovereign debt.

Let's also think about how we manage risks for example, investing in the stock market.

Turn away from me.

It is good to have changes in the market sentiment. If the trade war only has unilateral effects, it doesn't help much for solving problems.

We know from our work around the continent that transaction costs of reaching the market, and the risks of transacting in rural, agriculture markets, are extremely high.

Redefinition of risk mitigation as an incentive for action to mean offsetting risks for those who are poorest rather than offsetting risks for companies desiring to profit from entry into a particular market.

Moreover, in a risk off environment, when investors are risk averse or when equities and other risky assets are subject to market and or credit uncertainty, it may be better to hold negative yielding bonds than riskier and more volatile assets.

I am disgusted with him.

(c) Whether the best way was chosen of presenting the risks to the market to achieve maximum coverage at a reasonable price.

You're the only person in this stinking town that has been good to me.

There are concerns about the resurgence of protectionist tendencies and sentiments in some key markets.

It is hard to understand why the market mechanism does not eliminate such questions. A well functioning market would produce outcomes that favor banks with the right exposures, the right compensation schemes, the right risk sharing, and therefore the right corporate governance.

It was recommended that the design and implementation of prudential regulations for financial markets, in particular those trading derivative products, and financial institutions should enhance transparency, govern risk taking and foster orderly marketplaces.

But in 2007, at the height of the sub prime and all the complicated financial structures, it was quite opposite to the reckless risk taking behaviors that we saw on the market.