The party relying on a signature, whether handwritten or electronic, takes the risk that the signature is not valid or that it is a forgery.

Questions of proof of the making of the signature (which exist for both handwritten and electronic signatures) should not distort the law on the validity of signatures.

Paragraph 3 (a) of article 9 lays down general criteria for functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures.

She dated it and signed it.

We recognize that people have had many years of experience in evaluating how reliable a handwritten signature is, and therefore are able to easily judge what types of handwritten signatures are prudent to be relied upon.

In order to achieve functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures, there should not be any additional reliability requirement for electronic signatures as contained in paragraph 3 (b) of article 9.

Signature thumbprint of applicant

However, the real problem with electronic signatures was that, without certain safeguards, they could be manipulated more easily than handwritten signatures.

It is noted that there is no such reliability requirement for the legal validity of handwritten signatures (or any of the other marks on paper that may constitute a signature at law).

She wrote and signed it. She's a big girl now.

In order to do that, I set out to forge their signature.

Battery commander respectfully reports he cannot execute such an order... unless it is in writing and signed by the general, over.

The phrase A method is used to identify the party and to associate that party with the information contained in the electronic communication represents the minimum functional requirements of any signature, handwritten or electronic.

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He was writing a name on it with his finger like this...

General, battery commander reports he cannot execute such an order... unless it is in writing and signed by the general.

And white, satin chest bands with our school name... handlettered by the art class.

Signature Signature

and gave me handkerchiefs with my initials on them.

Edit key manually to delete a self signature.

Some some letters in my handwriting.

The Working Group was urged not to introduce, in connection with digital signatures, requirements more stringent than those that applied to handwritten signatures.

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Ambassador Raph Uwechue

It stated that, in light of modern means of communication, unsigned writings play an important role and signature requirements were becoming less important.

of the Russian Federation of Tajikistan to the of Uzbekistan to the to the United Nations United Nations United Nations English Page

In that context, the question of whether the authentication or security procedure, e.g. a signature, is appropriate relates to the concept of attribution of that signature to the person.

Deputy Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations

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(b) Deleting paragraph 3 (b) of article 9 of the draft Convention (A CN.9 577), to achieve functional equivalence between handwritten signatures and electronic signatures, and to avoid the unintended difficulties that would be created by the inclusion of the general legal reliability requirement in paragraph 3 (b).

(Signed) P. Chkheidze Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations

The Working Group had therefore taken the view that equivalence between handwritten and electronic signatures should be assured by a sufficiently reliable method.

It is not the form of the signature, but the proven link between the signature and the purported signor based on the context, that gives the signature its legal effect.

(Signed) A. Lukashenko President of the Republic of Belarus Annex III

Therefore, we suggest that article 6 of the Model Law on Electronic Signatures be used as the basis for reformulating paragraph 3.

Check this box if you want KMail to append a signature to mails written with this identity.

(Signed) R. Alimov

The Directive gives special legal status equivalence to a handwritten signature only to what it calls advanced electronic signatures', but it allows legal effect to others.

That is the purpose of paragraph 3, which is expected to create certainty (through either a presumption or a substantive rule), at or before the time any such technique of electronic signature is used (ex ante), that using a recognised technique will result in legal effects equivalent to those of a handwritten signature.

In order to establish the signature's function of linking the signor with the signed document, the context of the signing will always have to be demonstrated, whether the signature is on paper or electronic.

Controller Director United Nations Acting High