22. Beginning in 1991 a restrictive policy was pursued with respect to consumption, investment and money supply this helped to curb the growth of inflation, which maintained a downward trend during the period until reaching 3.5 in 1996.

Price stability has arrested the erosion of real wages for urban wage earners experienced during the high inflationary period of 1991 1995.

In the US, the inflation rate has also been depressed by the rise in the value of the dollar relative to the euro and other currencies, which has caused import prices to decline. This, too, is a level effect, implying that the inflation rate will rise once the dollar's exchange rate stops appreciating.

In addition, inflation had been brought under control.

Second, inflationary tendencies in many developed countries were very subdued during the current phase of the expansion, and thus did not provide a stimulus to speculative buying of commodities.

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That acceleration had been achieved despite the slowdown in the major economies around the globe, the sustained rise in international oil prices and a gradual monetary tightening in an effort to contain inflationary pressures.

Some argue that China needs to adjust its exchange rate to prevent inflation or bubbles. Inflation remains contained, but, more to the point, China s government has an arsenal of other weapons (from taxes on capital inflows and capital gains taxes to a variety of monetary instruments) at its disposal.

It may therefore be tempting to invest in inflation indexed bonds, which adjust both principal and interest payments to offset the effects of changes in price growth. But the protection against inflation does not prevent a loss of value if real interest rates rise, depressing the value of the bonds.

We firmly believe that they could be effectively checked, arrested or eliminated through cooperative action.

In normal times, central banks want to reduce inflation. The problem is that pre announced hikes in tax rates or administered prices can have the undesirable effect of building annual price increases into public perceptions, undermining the central bank s inflation fighting efforts.

Is Financial Repression Here to Stay?

Containing Financial Turmoil

The Age of Financial Repression

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According to the report, the goal of the Tajikistan government is to control the annual inflation rate in 2016 as 7.5 while that in 2015 was 5.1 .

One thing is certain The bill will put pressure on the Fed to pay more attention to inflation, avoiding a persistent rate above its own 2 target. Otherwise, the Fed s operational independence could be restricted, forcing it to focus its policies more sharply on its inflation mandate.

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Inflation has been soaring, reportedly reaching 560 per cent in the north of the country.

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Forget Inflation

Meanwhile, Western central banks are using another kind of financial repression by maintaining negative real interest rates (yielding less than the rate of inflation), which enables them to service their debt for free. The European Central Bank s policy rate stands at 0.75 , while the eurozone s annual inflation rate is 2.5 .

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But what financial repression usually involves is keeping interest rates below their natural market level, to the benefit of borrowers at the expense of savers. The borrowers are often governments, and in many emerging economies the state has funded its extravagances by paying bank depositors derisory rates of interest.

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Beyond Inflation Targets

The Inflation Puzzle

Farewell to Inflation Targeting?

Rethinking Inflation Targeting

An Inflation Reality Check

Is Inflation Returning?

Is Inflation the Answer?

In today s inflationless world, however, it is counterproductive. Yet the inflation targeters who dominate today s major central banks insist on fighting yesterday s war.

Fortunately, in either biological control or even natural control, resistance is extremely rare.

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As indicated by the report, the inflation rate of Tajikistan was 3.7 in the first seven months. And the inflation rate in July was 0.6 while such rate in the past year was 6 .

But this economic logic does not apply in the case of increases in oil prices. Although high oil prices look like a tax on business activity that depresses aggregate demand, they also raise inflation, both directly and indirectly.

China s New Inflation Constraint