(iv) Consideration of the sectors, sources and fuels which could be subject to taxation

(b) The introduction of an incentive tax on CO2

General carbon taxes are under consideration, and a shift towards taxing the use rather than the purchase of cars is foreseen.

They put 180 percent tax on gasoline cars and zero tax on zero emission cars.

New greenhouse gas taxes cannot be introduced by Annex I Parties until they restructure their existing tax system to truly reflect the relative contribution of greenhouse gases of each unit of emitting sources in all economic sectors.

Fuel and vehicle taxes are the main instruments for limiting emissions in reporting European Parties (e.g., FIN, GBR, SWE, NOR).

17.2 New greenhouse gas taxes cannot be introduced by Annex I Parties until they restructure their existing tax system to truly reflect the relative contribution of greenhouse gases of each unit of emitting sources in all economic sectors. (Saudi Arabia)

(ii) Minimum taxation target rates, with an effective multilateral consultative process for reviewing taxation rates and possible exemptions, and monitoring the effects of taxes in reducing emissions

Green carbon, which is the deforestation and agricultural emissions, and blue carbon together comprise 25 percent of our emissions.

ZERI Zero Emissions Research Initiative

But there is a much better strategy than tradable permits. Each region of the world should introduce a tax on CO2 emissions that starts low today and increases gradually and predictably in the future.

It has the most complete coverage of sources among those countries applying such an instrument, while the rate is lower than in some of them.

ratio of actual to sustainable discharges

It does not envisage using increased taxation at the local level as an instrument for reducing GHG emissions.

The scientific evidence suggests that carbon emissions from anywhere in the world have about the same impact on global warming. For this reason, a wide range of economists favor a uniform ( harmonized ) global tax that would tax carbon emissions equally everywhere in the world, and from whatever source whether coal, oil, or gas, and whether consumers or businesses.

But what we're missing is also some other emissions like black carbon, that is soot.

Emissions

In that year, 2,328 Gg of CH4 were emitted, as were 67 Gg of N2O, 553 Gg of NOx, 2,337 Gg of CO and 529 Gg of NMVOCs.

Emission right, also known as dumping right , means the right to discharge pollutants. It refers to the right for emitters to discharge pollutants to the environment in line with the law within the quota assigned by the government.

By contrast, ETS requires the imposition of an emissions cap and focuses on national emission totals.

Increased taxes are projected to be responsible for 95 per cent of the CO2 emission reductions produced by policies and measures in Sweden in 2000, but they only account for 10 per cent of the CO2 emission reductions produced by policies and measures in the United Kingdom.

Energy and carbon taxes can produce less economic pain and more gain than conventional taxes can. Europe needs fiscal consolidation, reductions in carbon emissions, and a strategy for economic growth.

Greenhouse gases are emitted from a variety of sources.

Moreover, abandoning the Kyoto Protocol s exemption of developing countries from obligations for current emissions, the US has insisted on obligations from China and India that reflect a common form of taxation of emissions. But there are persuasive reasons why these countries insist that the obligations must instead reflect per capita emissions, a criterion that would require far greater emission cuts by the US than its leaders now contemplate.

(c) Emissions per capita and or emission intensity of GDP.

Table 2. Percentage change in CH4 emissions from selected sources (1995 vs. 1990)

Illegal discharges

35. The Zero Emissions Research Initiative (UNU ZERI) held its third World Congress on Zero Emissions in Jakarta in July.

These other emissions are estimated based on the estimated percentage of these emissions relative to total emissions at previous meetings.

Nitrous oxide will remain a small component of Icelandic emissions.

Fugitive fuel emissions

Discharge of oil

Discharge of sewage

In addition to voluntary contributions, the Adaptation Fund will receive a levy of 2 of the certified emissions reductions issued for a CDM project activity.

For all Parties, fuel taxes tend to have emissions control as a secondary aim with revenue raising as the primary objective.

(c) A Party whose emissions are in excess of its emissions budget in any budget period may acquire, but may not transfer, emissions allowed.

In a cap and trade system, the government sets total allowable national emissions of CO2 per year and requires any firm that causes CO2 emissions to have a permit per ton of CO2 emitted. If the government sells these permits in an auction, the price of the permit would be a cost to the firm in the same way as a carbon tax and with the same resulting increases in consumer prices.

The lack of data for emissions from the waste sector for the base period and 1990 appeared to be the most important omission overall, for 1994 this sector contributed about 25 percent of the CH4 emissions.

GHG emitters will have incentives to make emission reductions that cost less at the margin than the price of a permit and to invest in technological development so as to abate more cheaply in the future.

In cases where after granting access to import and export goods, the customs discovers that duties are not levied or levied not in its entirety, it shall levy duties on the taxpayer within one year, starting from the day of duty payment or access being granted to goods.

The EUA is the unit of trade in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.

quot Domestic emission quot means emissions of greenhouse gases that take place within the territory of a country.

Methane emissions amounted to 27,000 Gg in 1990 which represented 7.2 per cent of the global emissions.

Table 3. Percentage change in N2O emissions from selected sources (1995 vs. 1990)

Several vehicles for offsetting GHG emissions exist such as purchasing emission credits from stand alone projects, from a carbon fund, or from an emission trading scheme.