Debt buy back and Brady bonds11

Before January, this sequence of events was quite likely, but the ECB s bond buying program put a firebreak at each point of the contagion process. If holders of Portuguese bonds are alarmed by a future Greek default, the ECB will simply increase its bond buying with no limit to its buying power, it will easily overwhelm any selling pressure.

Moreover, not forbidding indirect purchases should be seen primarily as a means of permitting banks that buy government bonds to pledge them as collateral for refinancing operations, while bearing the full investment risk. The distinction between bond purchases from the government and from the banks that bought them from the government is a phony one that gives rise to myriad possibilities for circumvention.

Investors tendered 91.2 per cent of the 500 million in bonds due in 2006 and 95.7 per cent of the 600 million in bonds due in 2013.

The ECB has already attempted to ease credit conditions by purchasing high quality asset backed securities. It has bought securities backed by cash flows from private sector mortgages, so called covered bonds, and it has floated the idea of buying corporate bonds and multilateral securities issued by the European Investment Bank.

Sierra Leone would issue iron ore bonds and Mongolia would issue copper bonds. Investors would be able to buy Guatemala s coffee bonds, Côte d Ivoire s cocoa bonds, Liberia s rubber bonds, Mali s cotton bonds, and Ghana s gold bonds.

Jamaica, for example, would issue aluminum bonds Nigeria would issue oil bonds Sierra Leone would issue iron ore bonds and Mongolia would issue copper bonds. Investors would be able to buy Guatemala s coffee bonds, Côte d Ivoire s cocoa bonds, Liberia s rubber bonds, Mali s cotton bonds, and Ghana s gold bonds.

Still, the terms were acceptable to the vast majority of the country s creditors, who exchanged their old claims for new ones worth 30 cents on the dollar. All, that is, except for a few holdouts who bought up the remaining bonds on the cheap and went to court, specifically to the US District Court of the Southern District of New York, asking to be paid in full.

So far, policymakers are talking only about exchanging old Greek bonds for cash (in buybacks) or new Greek bonds. It would be far preferable to exchange them for Eurobonds, backed by the full faith and credit of all eurozone countries.

(2) expenses on purchasing commercial insurances, securities, stock equities or collections and so on

Upon the issuance of the bonds, the United Nations would invest the bond proceeds in a project construction fund account to be invested over the period of construction.

40. An important development during the past two years was the swapping of Brady bonds by some middle income countries.

Bond holders are to receive 456 million in bonds due in 2011 (with the same coupon of 9.5 per cent) and 574 million in bonds due in 2018 (with the same coupon of 9.04 per cent).

Bond

Adding 400 billion would increase the pool substantially. Together with asset backed securities, covered bonds, and corporate bonds, 1 trillion of assets the threshold widely thought to make quantitative easing by the ECB credible would be available for purchase.

The authorities will issue 35.2 billion in new securities, comprising 15 billion in par bonds, 11.9 billion in discount bonds and 8.3 billion in quasi par bonds.

If there is 120 of collateral guaranteeing a 100 bond, the bond is safer, no doubt. How much safer, however, depends upon the returns on the pool of bonds that compose the CDO.

NEW HAVEN The prices of long term government bonds have been running very high in recent years (that is, their yields have been very low). In the United States, the 30 year Treasury bond yield reached a record low (since the Federal Reserve series began in 1972) of 2.25 on January 30.

Indeed, the Fed, unlike the ECB, does not buy any bonds from individual states investors must bear the costs of any state insolvency. In 1975, New York had to pledge its future tax revenues to its creditors in order to remain solvent.

Bonds? Real estate?

And we came up with this idea of issuing bonds, press freedom bonds.

The Battle of the Bonds

The bonds can be sold to a worldwide market by insurance companies that incur major risks by writing policies. If the insurance companies can get a good enough price for such bonds, they can eliminate their exposure to the risk of a major disaster, thereby allowing them to issue policies to homeowners at a lower cost.

Debt service coverage and bond interest

In addition, the ECB could purchase EIB bonds on secondary markets, which would help to keep funding costs low or even reduce them. More important, purchases of EIB bonds would enable the ECB to undertake quantitative easing without triggering the degree of controversy implied by intervening in 18 separate sovereign bond markets, where concerns that ECB purchases would affect the relative pricing of sovereigns are very real.

The Fund apos s bond portfolio was helped by its overweighting in United States and United Kingdom bonds and an underweight position in yen bonds.

Bond offering

Pushing up asset prices and pushing down the euro s exchange rate will require the ECB to buy bonds on the secondary market not the crisis countries bonds per se, but those of all eurozone members. In other words, it will require quantitative easing.

Meanwhile, the current French proposal of a voluntary rollover by banks is flopping, as it would impose prohibitively high interest rates on the Greeks. Likewise, debt buybacks would be a massive waste of official resources, as the residual value of the debt increases as it is bought, benefiting creditors far more than the sovereign debtor.

South Africa was the only country in sub Saharan Africa to issue on international bond or equity markets in 1997.

Annual rate of security

The housing bonds system

I don't know.

Here's your bond.

(33) As regards investment yield, it is required to make disclosure of investment yield in current year and that in last year by securities category (like government securities and funds, etc.).

The second recommendation pertains to the mechanics of liquidity injection, much of which takes place nowadays in Europe, Japan, and elsewhere through asset purchases. The US Federal Reserve, for example, is currently purchasing assets (many of them mortgage backed) worth 85 billion each month.

While this is still a relatively new series of investment vehicles and the volume of the available long term bond is somewhat limited, the yields on these bonds present a suitable starting point in developing the required prudent real return assumption.

During the two year period, bond yields fell in most major markets and the Fund apos s total bond portfolio had a return of 3.6 per cent for the year ended 31 March 1997 and 7 per cent for the year ended 31 March 1998.

CDOs are a form of financial alchemy special purpose vehicles that buy the financial equivalent of lead (low rated mortgaged backed securities) and finance themselves mostly with the financial equivalent of gold (highly sought after AAA bonds). This transformation is based on one sound principle and two shaky ones.

It was also mentioned that on a 25 year basis the rate of return on bonds and equities had been almost equal.

a An option was included to convert US 30 year bond into a US 12 year bond with debt reduction.

But QE would present a problem for the ECB that the Fed and other central banks do not face. The eurozone has no centrally issued and traded Eurobond that the central bank could buy.

BRUSSELS It has now been nearly half a year since the European Central Bank declared its intention to buy some 1.1 trillion ( 1.3 trillion) worth of eurozone bonds. When it first announced the so called extended asset purchase program in January, the ECB emphasized that it was only expanding an existing program, under which it had been buying modest quantities of private sector bonds, to cover government paper.

In 1997, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela retired 10.4 billion of collateralized Brady bonds through swaps against uncollateralized long term bonds, effected at a discount based on secondary market prices.

And those can be environmental bonds.